Antiseptic compositions and methods

ABSTRACT

A skin antisepsis composition comprising a vehicle comprising a (C1-4)alcohol and water in a ratio of at least 60:40, a hydroxycarboxylic acid, a cationic film-forming polymer, and at least one antimicrobial agent; and methods of using the composition are provided.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/185,713, filed Jul. 19, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,277,750, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/372,758, filed Mar.10, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,840,932, which is a division of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/051,719, filed Jan. 16, 2002, now U.S.Pat. No. 7,147,873, which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to compositions that contain at least oneantimicrobial agent intended primarily for tissue antisepsis,particularly skin antisepsis.

It is a standard practice in the industrialized world to disinfect theskin prior to any invasive procedure such as surgery, catheterization,or needle puncture to reduce the risk of infection. These products areoften referred to as skin preps or simply “preps.” It is particularlyadvantageous to customers to have a single product that can be used onboth in-tact skin and mucosal tissue (e.g., vaginal, oral, nasal, andocular tissue). Other sensitive tissues that antimicrobial products havebeen used on include acute and chronic wounds as well as burns. For allof these skin antiseptics it is desirable to achieve a very rapidmicrobial reduction so that the clinician can get on with the intendedprocedure.

Recently, there have been several alcohol-based antiseptics on themarket for both presurgical and precatherization antisepsis. Theseproducts, while good rapid acting antiseptics due to the high alcoholcontent (e.g., typically at least about 60 wt-%), are only suitable foruse on in-tact skin and are not suitable for use on sensitive tissuessuch as mucosal tissue, wounds, or burn tissue.

It is well known that none of the commercially available skinantiseptics kill all of the bacteria on the skin. For this reason,recent products have incorporated film-forming polymers that resistwash-off during surgery or exposure to fluids. Some of these productsalso require an organic remover solution or lotion to get the prep offthe skin. This is inconvenient for the clinician and requiressignificant extra time.

Thus, there is still a need for antiseptics having increased speedand/or length of bactericidal activity on skin in a product that isdelivered out of an aqueous solution, that preferably dries to a coatingwith little or no tack, and that preferably allows adhesion ofPSA-coated products.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to compositions that contain at least oneantimicrobial agent. Such compositions are intended primarily for tissueantisepsis, and more particularly, skin antisepsis. Surprisingly, thecompositions of the present invention are gentle and thus useful onmucosal tissue as well as in-tact skin.

Compositions of the present invention include iodine (I₂), an iodophor,or a combination thereof, a hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer in an amountof at least about 5 wt-%, water, and optionally a film-forming polymer,preferably having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties.Surprisingly, despite the high level (at least about 5 wt-%) ofhydroxycarboxylic acid buffers, which are very hydrophilic, preferredcompositions of the present invention remain generally nontacky when dryand allow for prolonged adhesion of pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA)coated products. Furthermore, for compositions that include polymericfilm formers along with the relatively high level of hydroxycarboxylicacid buffers, it is surprising that they do not precipitate out of thecompositions immediately or over time (i.e. salt out of solution).

Significantly, preferred compositions of the present invention reducenormal skin flora by at least about 1 log (i.e., 10-fold) reduction,often at least about 1.5 log reduction, and more often at least about 2log (i.e., 100-fold) reduction, on a dry human skin site (typically, aback or abdomen) in only 2 minutes when tested according to ASTM testingmethod E1173-93 and a 30-second scrub with gauze soaked in thecomposition using moderate pressure.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an antisepticcomposition that includes: an antimicrobial agent selected from thegroup consisting of iodine (I₂), an iodophor (i.e., a complex of iodineor triiodide with a carrier that is capable of generating elementaliodine under use conditions, such as povidone-iodine), and combinationsthereof, wherein the antimicrobial agent is present in an amountsufficient to provide an available iodine concentration of at leastabout 0.25 wt-% (preferably, an available iodine concentration of nogreater than about 1.0 wt-%); a hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer in anamount of at least about 5 wt-% (preferably, in an amount of no greaterthan about 15% by weight); water; and a film-forming polymer (preferablyin an amount of at least about 2 wt-%), which is preferably substantive,thereby resulting in a substantive composition. Preferably, the weightratio of the film-forming polymer to hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer is atleast about 0.25:1.

Preferably, the compositions of the present invention include one ormore surfactants, which can be nonionic, anionic, or amphoteric.Preferred nonionic surfactants have an HLB value of at least about 14.In certain embodiments, preferred surfactants are anionic or amphotericsurfactants selected from the group consisting of sulfonates, sulfates,phosphates, phosphonates, and ammonium sulfonate amphoterics, andmixtures thereof. In certain other embodiments, a preferred surfactantis an amine oxide. Various mixtures of such surfactants can be used ifdesired.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an antisepticcomposition that includes: an antimicrobial agent selected from thegroup consisting of iodine (I₂), an iodophor, and a combination thereof,wherein the antimicrobial agent is present in an amount sufficient toprovide an available iodine concentration of at least about 0.25 wt-%; ahydroxycarboxylic acid buffer in an amount of at least about 5 wt-%;water; and a substantive film-forming polymer; wherein a dry film of thecomposition is stable and substantive.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides anantiseptic composition that includes: an antimicrobial agent selectedfrom the group consisting of iodine (I₂), an iodophor, and a combinationthereof, wherein the antimicrobial agent is present in an amountsufficient to provide an available iodine concentration of at leastabout 0.25 wt-%; a hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer in an amount of atleast about 5 wt-%; water; and a film-forming polymer that includeshydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides anantiseptic composition that includes: an iodophor in an amount ofgreater than 5 wt-%, wherein the iodophor comprises a carrier selectedfrom the group consisting of a polyvinylpyrrolidone, a copolymer ofN-vinyl lactam, a polyether glycol, a polyvinyl alcohol, apolyacrylamide, a polysaccharide, and combinations thereof; ahydroxycarboxylic acid buffer in an amount of at least about 5 wt-%; andwater.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an antisepticcomposition that includes: an antimicrobial agent selected from thegroup consisting of iodine (I₂), an iodophor, and a combination thereof,wherein the antimicrobial agent is present in an amount sufficient toprovide an available iodine concentration of at least about 0.25 wt-%; ahydroxycarboxylic acid buffer in an amount of at least about 5 wt-%;water; and a substantive film-forming polymer. The dry film of thecomposition is stable and substantive and demonstrates one or more ofthe following characteristics: reduces normal skin flora by at leastabout 1 log in 2 minutes on a dry human skin site using ASTM testingmethod E1173-93 and a 30-second scrub with gauze soaked in thecomposition using moderate pressure; is substantially nontacky when inthe form of a dry film; demonstrates a Draize score of zero in nogreater than about 96 hours according to the Rabbit Eye Irritation Test;or adheres to a PSA-coated tape at a level of at least about 50% of thelevel of adhesion of the PSA-coated tape applied over dried BETADINEsurgical scrub and paint solutions when measured using a 180 degree peeltest after applying the PSA-coated tape to a dry film on dry human skinby rolling with a 2.1-kg, 5.1-cm wide roller, waiting at least 1 minute,and removing the PSA-coated tape at a peel angle of 180 degrees at aspeed of 30.5 cm/minute.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides an antisepticcomposition that includes: an antimicrobial agent selected from thegroup consisting of iodine (I₂), an iodophor, and a combination thereof,wherein the antimicrobial agent is present in an amount sufficient toprovide an available iodine concentration of at least about 0.25 wt-% toabout 1.0 wt-%; a hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer in an amount of about 5wt-% to about 15 wt-%; water; and a substantive film-forming polymer;wherein the hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer includes a compoundrepresented by the formula:

R¹(CR²OH)_(n)(CH₂)_(m)COOH

wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently H or a (C1-C8) saturatedstraight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group, a (C6-C12)aryl group, or a(C6-C12)aralkyl or alkaryl group wherein the alkyl groups are saturatedstraight, branched, or cyclic, wherein R¹ and R² may be optionallysubstituted with one or more carboxylic acid groups; m=0 or 1; andn=1-3.

The present invention also provides methods of disinfecting tissue,e.g., skin or mucosal tissue. In one embodiment, the present inventionprovides a method of disinfecting tissue including: applying directly totissue (by this it is meant that the composition is not diluted) anantiseptic composition that includes: an antimicrobial agent selectedfrom the group consisting of iodine (12), an iodophor, and a combinationthereof, wherein the antimicrobial agent is present in an amountsufficient to provide an available iodine concentration of at leastabout 0.25 wt-%; a hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer in an amount of atleast about 5 wt-%; and water; and allowing the antiseptic compositionto remain on the tissue. Preferably, the antiseptic composition furtherincludes a film-forming polymer, which is preferably substantive.

Various other methods are provided that use the compositions of thepresent invention to disinfect. These methods involve applying thecomposition to tissue directly (i.e., undiluted) and allowing it toremain on the tissue. Such methods are in contrast to the conventionalway in which soaps and shampoos are used, which involves immediatedilution during use and thorough rinsing immediately after application.That is, the antiseptic compositions of the present invention areintended to remain on the tissue for a time sufficient to reduce thebacterial load on the tissue. This is possible due to the very lowirritation potential of the compositions of the present invention.

The present invention also provides methods of making antisepticcompositions. One such method involves combining components thatinclude: an antimicrobial agent selected from the group consisting ofiodine (12), an iodophor, and a combination thereof, wherein theantimicrobial agent is present in an amount sufficient to provide anavailable iodine concentration of at least about 0.25 wt-%; ahydroxycarboxylic acid buffer in an amount of at least about 5 wt-%;water; and a substantive film-forming polymer. Preferably, thehydroxycarboxylic acid buffer and antimicrobial agent are combined andthen the substantive film-forming polymer is added.

Herein, the following definitions are used:

“dry human skin site” refers to the back or abdomen of a person;

“film-forming” refers to a composition when allowed to dry under ambientconditions (e.g., 23° C. and 50% relative humidity (RH)) on in-tact skinforms a continuous layer that does not flake off after simple flexing ofthe tissue;

“hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer” refers to free acids, as well aslactones thereof, salts thereof, and/or derivatives thereof as describedin greater detail below;

“normal skin flora” refers to resident skin flora present on the skin ofa healthy person and often consists of predominantly of Staphylococcusepidermidis;

“polymer” includes homopolymers and copolymers and “copolymer” includesa polymer of any length (including oligomers) of two or more types ofpolymerizable monomers, and therefore includes terpolymers,tetrapolymers, etc., which can include random copolymers, blockcopolymers, or sequential copolymers;

“side-chain” refers to the portion of a monomer which followingpolymerization forms a branch off the polymer backbone (i.e., mainchain); in a vinyl polymer, it is a group of two or more atoms thatbranch off from the straight chain of carbon atoms formed by vinylpolymerization;

“stable” refers to an antiseptic composition that shows no signs ofvisible gross phase separation (precipitation, phase split, settling,etc.) after storage at 50° C. for 5 days (preferably 10 days, morepreferably 20 days, and most preferably 30 days); certain samples maybecome slightly cloudy during storage at 50° C. for 5 days, however,since there is no gross precipitation and/or settling these samples areconsidered to be physically stable, but the most stable samples show novisible changes, i.e., no changes in clarity, color, etc.;

“substantially nontacky” refers to a dry film of about 4 milligramscomposition per square centimeter (mg/cm²) of human skin on a forearmthat demonstrates little or no tack to a clean dry thumb (washed with alotion-free soap such as IVORY bar soap (Proctor and Gamble, Cincinnati,Ohio) and dried thoroughly immediately prior to use) when pressed ontothe dry film and immediately removed;

“substantive” as it applies to an antiseptic composition (or afilm-forming polymer) means that when an antiseptic composition (or afilm-forming polymer in solution) is applied to human skin as a uniformwet film in an amount of approximately 4 milligram per square centimeter(mg/cm²) clean dry skin on an inner forearm and allowed to thoroughlydry (e.g., at least 10 minutes at 23° C. and 50% relative humidity), itresists removal under running tap water at a temperature of about 23° C.to about 24° C. and a flow rate of about 2.4-2.5 liters/minute (L/min)falling from a height of 15 centimeters (cm) and striking the skinimmediately above the dry composition (not directly on the drycomposition) and then flowing over the dry composition for at leastabout 15 seconds;

“use concentration” refers to the concentration of a compositionactually applied to the skin; and

“wound” refers to an injury to mammalian tissue that involves breakingof a membrane such as the skin or mucosal surface usually with damage tounderlying tissue arising from, but not limited to, a surgical incision,puncture, laceration, or burn.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Antimicrobial activity results plotted as a function of totalmolar concentration of alpha-hydroxy acid.

FIG. 2. Antimicrobial activity results plotted as a function of only theconcentration of lactic acid (LA)+malic acid (MA).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Desirable antiseptic compositions are aqueous-based and have thefollowing characteristics: relatively high levels of bacterial kill;relatively short dry times; generally clear viewing of the underlyingtissue; good adhesion to the skin when dry; little or no tack when dry;capable of releasing an antimicrobial agent over a period of time; goodadhesion of pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) coated products such asincise drapes, tapes, wound dressings, and the like; resist lift off ofPSA-coated products while under stress as typically occurs duringretraction in surgery; allow adhesion of PSA-coated products for longperiods of time, e.g., hours to days; suitable for use on sensitivetissues such as mucosal tissue; and can be removed relatively easily,preferably without the need for organic solvent-based removers.

Preferred antiseptic compositions of the present invention possess allof the above-mentioned characteristics. Significantly, they providerapid microbial kill, and they dry to low tack or nontacky films, whichallow good adhesion of PSA-coated products. Furthermore, they are gentleto tissue and can be removed with a water-soaked fabric, such as a towelor simple gauze.

Furthermore, preferred compositions of the present invention are verystable and can survive prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures,e.g., 50° C. and even as high as 60° C., for prolonged periods of time,e.g., for often greater than 7 days. The most stable samples show novisible changes at all such as changes in color, turbidity, and thelike. Also, preferred compositions of the present invention are verystable upon exposure to low temperatures, e.g., 4° C., and even duringrepeated freeze/thaw cycles, e.g., 2 or more cycles.

Preferred compositions of the present invention are also generallysubstantive. More preferred compositions of the present invention aresubstantive while in moist environments, such as the vaginal vault andremain in the vagina for longer periods of time than typical antisepticssuch as BETADINE 10% povidone-iodine solution (Purdue Frederick,Norwalk, Conn.). A “substantive” composition is one that when tested asdescribed above resists removal for at least about 15 seconds.Preferably, the compositions are even more substantive and resist beingremoved under the same conditions for at least about 30 seconds, morepreferably at least 45 seconds, and most preferably at least about 60seconds. This is conveniently determined by imparting color to thecomposition (e.g., inclusion of a small amount of a dye or a coloredactive such as povidone-iodine in sufficient concentration that arelatively dark color results on the skin that can be easily seen aspresent or not).

The dried films of preferred antiseptic compositions of the presentinvention that include a film-forming polymer are generally flexible anddurable. That is, they do not crack or flake off as brittle films mightdo. Significantly, the film-forming polymer contributes to achieving adelicate balance between low tack and flexibility.

Preferred compositions of the present invention also possess viscositiesthat ensure the formulations go on easily and form a relatively thinfilm that can dry rapidly. Preferably, the Brookfield viscosity (asdescribed in the Examples Section) of a composition is no greater thanabout 1000 Centipoise (cps), more preferably no greater than about 500cps, even more preferably no greater than about 250 cps, even morepreferably no greater than about 100 cps, and most preferably no greaterthan about 50 cps, when measured at 23° C. using a Brookfield RVTROTOVISCO viscometer and the procedure described in the ExamplesSection. This low viscosity ensures that the composition can be paintedon the skin with little effort in a uniform thin film that will dryrapidly.

Dry times are preferably no greater than about 5 minutes, morepreferably no greater than about 3 minutes, even more preferably nogreater than about 2 minutes, and most preferably no greater than about1.5 minutes on human skin measured at 23° C. at 45-55% relativehumidity. Dry time is measured as the minimum time for a compositionapplied with gauze in a uniform thin film of about 3 mg composition/cm²of skin to be visibly dry, demonstrate no transfer of the composition toa latex gloved covered hand, and have a minimum level of tack. Anaverage of at least five subjects is typically used.

A particularly important property of the compositions of the presentinvention is the ability to reduce the bacterial load on tissue,particularly skin, i.e., to kill the natural skin flora, rapidly.Preferably, compositions of the present invention are capable ofreducing normal skin flora by at least about 1 log (10-fold), morepreferably by at least about 1.5 log, and most preferably by at leastabout 2 logs (100-fold), in 2 minutes on a dry human skin site(typically, skin on an abdomen or back) using ASTM testing methodE1173-93 and a 30-second scrub with gauze soaked in the compositionusing moderate pressure.

This surprising rapid and high antimicrobial activity is providedthrough the use of iodine or an iodophor as the active antimicrobialagent in combination with one or more hydroxycarboxylic acid buffers inparticularly high use concentrations. The hydroxycarboxylic acid bufferin the compositions of the present invention contributes significantlyto such good bacterial kill. By comparison, a composition of the presentinvention reduces normal skin flora by at least about 0.5 log more thanthe same composition without the hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer present.This “same” composition includes additional water instead of thehydroxycarboxylic acid buffer and would be adjusted to the same pH asthe composition with the hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer.

Surprisingly, the placebo compositions (i.e., compositions without anantimicrobial agent) but still including the hydroxycarboxylic acidbuffer are relatively inactive. By comparison, a composition of thepresent invention reduces normal skin flora by at least about 0.5 logmore than the same composition without the antimicrobial agent presentwhen tested on a dry human skin site (e.g., back or abdomen) accordingto ASTM testing method E1173-93 measured 2 minutes after completion of a30-second scrub with gauze soaked in the composition using moderatepressure.

Generally, antiseptic compositions are applied to the tissue, typicallyskin, and allowed to dry and remain in place for at least 2 minutes, andoften for several hours to days. Significantly, many of the compositionsof the present invention maintain very low bacterial counts on thetissue, typically skin, for long periods of time, e.g., often up to 6hours, and even up to 24 hours.

Antimicrobial Agent

A preferred active antimicrobial agent is elemental iodine (I₂). As inmost iodine-containing patient preps, other iodine-containing speciesmay be present in addition to iodine. Such species include, for example,hypoiodous acid (HOI), iodide (I⁻), triiodide (I₃ ⁻), iodate (IO₃ ⁻),and the like. It is widely recognized that elemental iodine is the mostactive antimicrobial species. See, for example, Disinfection,Sterilization, and Preservation by Seymour S. Block, 4^(th) edition,Chapter 8 “Iodine and Iodine Compounds,” Lea & Febiger, PhiladelphiaPa., 1991.

In most commercially available iodine disinfectants, in order to preventrapid reduction of iodine to iodide the solutions are typically bufferedto be slightly acidic. The acidity is typically required to maintainstability in the iodine solutions and to suppress conversion to otheriodine species that are less germicidal. For example, commercial skinpreps containing iodine generally have pH values in the range of 3 to 5,which favors stability of the molecular iodine species. HOI normallyexists in very low levels relative to I₂ but has been reported as aneffective antimicrobial and may contribute to kill in some compositions.IO₃ ⁻ is an effective oxidant only at pH values less than 4, wheresignificant amounts of HIO₃ can exist.

As further background for understanding and practicing the presentinvention, elemental iodine is only slightly soluble in water (0.03 wt-%at 25° C.). Alkali metal iodides, which combine with iodine to formtriiodide (I₃ ⁻), increase that solubility. Molecular iodine, however,can be very irritating at higher concentrations. For example, Lugol'ssolution (5% elemental iodine and 10% potassium iodide) and tincture ofiodine (45% aqueous ethanol with 2% elemental iodine and 2.4% sodiumiodide) have both been well documented to be quite irritating to theskin.

Many references have described the preparation of “iodophors,” which arecomplexes of elemental iodine or triiodide with certain carriers. Theseiodophors function to not only increase the iodine solubility but toreduce the level of free molecular iodine in solution and to provide atype of sustained release reservoir of elemental iodine. Iodophors areknown using carriers of polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone,copolymers of N-vinyl lactams with other unsaturated monomers such as,but not limited to, acrylates and acrylamides, various polyether glycolsincluding polyether-containing surfactants such asnonylphenolethoxylates and the like, polyvinyl alcohols, polycarboxylicacids such as polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamides, polysaccharides such asdextrose, and the like, and combinations thereof. A preferred group ofiodophors include polymers such as a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), acopolymer of N-vinyl lactam, a polyether glycol (PEG), a polyvinylalcohol, a polyacrylamide, a polysaccharide, and combinations thereof.Also reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,597,975 (Woodward et al.) areprotonated amine oxide surfactant-triiodide complexes that are alsosuitable iodophors for use in the present invention. Variouscombinations of iodophores can be used in the compositions of thepresent invention.

A preferred iodophor is povidone-iodine. A particularly preferrediodophor can be obtained commercially as povidone-iodine USP, which is acomplex of K30 polyvinylpyrrolidone, iodine, and iodide wherein theavailable iodine is present at about 9 wt-% to about 12 wt-%.

Preferably, the iodophor is present in the use compositions at aconcentration of at least about 2.5 wt-%, and more preferably at leastabout 5 wt-%, and most preferably greater than 5 wt-%, based on thetotal weight of the antiseptic composition. To prevent the driedcomposition from becoming excessively water soluble, the concentrationof iodophor in the use composition is preferably present at not morethan about 15 wt-%, and more preferably not more than about 10 wt-%,based on the total weight of the antiseptic composition.

Since iodophors may vary in the amount of available iodine it is usuallymore convenient to describe the concentration in terms of the availableiodine level. In the present invention, whether from iodine or aniodophor or a combination thereof, the available iodine concentration ispreferably at least about 0.25 wt-%, and more preferably at least about0.5 wt-%, based on the total weight of the antiseptic composition. Theavailable iodine is preferably present at not more than about 1.5 wt-%,and preferably not more than about 1 wt-%, based on the total weight ofthe antiseptic composition.

The available iodine for most compositions may be determined byfollowing the method in the United States Pharmacopeia OfficialMonographs for Povidone-Iodine, Assay for Available Iodine. Certainformulations may contain components that can interact with the methodsuch as other anionic species. For this reason, the proper standardsmust be run to ensure accuracy, and solvent systems or reagents may needto be changed to ensure accuracy. One skilled in the art wouldappreciate these considerations.

Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Buffers

The compositions of the present invention are preferably buffered toprevent pH drift during storage. For example, it is well known that foriodine-containing systems it is important to maintain the pH at about 2to about 6, and preferably at about 3 to about 5. As the pH is raisedabove about 6, the iodine can be rapidly converted to iodide, thusinactivating the antimicrobial effectiveness, if such is desired. Muchbelow about a pH of about 2 and the composition may become irritating.In the compositions of the present invention, the pH is preferablyadjusted to about 3.0 to about 4.5, and more preferably to about 3.5 toabout 4.2.

While conventional compositions have included a buffer concentration ofabout 0.1 wt-% to about 2 wt-%, compositions of the present inventioninclude certain hydroxycarboxylic acid buffers that can be used in muchhigher buffer concentrations. Preferably, the hydroxycarboxylic acidbuffer is present in an amount of at least about 5 wt-%, and morepreferably at least about 6 wt-%, based on the total weight of theantiseptic composition.

Surprisingly, these compositions (i.e., with a pH preferably adjusted toabout 3.0 to about 4.5, and more preferably to about 3.5 to about 4.2,and a relatively high hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer concentration—atleast about 5 wt-%, and more preferably at least about 6 wt-%) aresubstantially nonirritating to tissue (e.g., skin and mucosal tissue),as indicated by studies conducted by instilling aliquots (of useconcentrations) into rabbit eyes. This is illustrated in the examples,which indicates that compositions of the present invention when testedaccording to the Rabbit Eye Irritation Test produce very little, if any,corneal opacity, with substantially complete return to normal (i.e.,clear or having a Draize score of zero) in no greater than about 96hours, and preferably no greater than about 72 hours. This indicatesthat the compositions would be very gentle for use on skin and mucosaltissue. This is very surprising since previous reports have indicatedthat high levels of alpha-hydroxy acids at an acidic pH can beirritating to the skin.

This level of buffer is particularly desirable for antisepticcompositions that include povidone-iodine (particularly povidone-iodineUSP) as the antimicrobial agent. In these systems the level of rapidmicrobial kill increases significantly and for some systems in a linearfashion with the molar concentration of the hydroxycarboxylic acid.

Preferred hydroxycarboxylic acid buffers include one or more compoundsrepresented by the formula:

R¹(CR²OH)_(n)(CH₂)_(m)COOH

wherein: R¹ and R² are each independently H or a (C1-C8)alkyl group(saturated straight, branched, or cyclic group), a (C6-C12)aryl, or a(C6-C12)aralkyl or alkaryl group (saturated straight, branched, orcyclic alkyl group), wherein R¹ and R² may be optionally substitutedwith one or more carboxylic acid groups; m=0 or 1; and n=1-3,preferably, n=1-2.

It is particularly desirable that the buffers and other excipients thatcontain hydrocarbon groups are saturated or contain low levels ofunsaturation to prevent iodine addition, which may deplete the iodine inthe composition and/or produce toxic species. Preferably, the level ofunsaturation in the composition is no greater than about 50milliequivalents per liter (meq/L), more preferably, no greater thanabout 5 meq/L, and most preferably, no greater than about 0.5 meq/Lunsaturation.

The hydroxycarboxylic acid buffers of the present invention includepreferably beta- and alpha-hydroxy acids (BHAs, AHAs, respectively,collectively referred to as hydroxy acids (HAs)), salts thereof,lactones thereof, and/or derivatives thereof. These may include mono-,di-, and tri-functional carboxylic acids. Particularly preferred are HAshaving 1 or 2 hydroxyl groups and 1 or 2 carboxylic acid groups.Suitable HAs include, but are not limited to, lactic acid, malic acid,citric acid, 2-hydroxybutanoic acid, 3-hydroxybutanoic acid, mandelicacid, gluconic acid, tartaric acid, salicylic acid, as well asderivatives thereof (e.g., compounds substituted with hydroxyls, phenylgroups, hydroxyphenyl groups, alkyl groups, halogens, as well ascombinations thereof)). Preferred HAs include lactic acid, malic acid,and citric acid. These acids may be in D, L, or DL form and may bepresent as free acid, lactone, or salts thereof. Other suitable HAs aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,776 (Yu et al.). The preferred HAs foruse with iodine and in particular with povidone-iodine are lactic andmalic acid. Various combinations of hydroxycarboxylic acids can be usedif desired.

A hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer is preferably present in a molarconcentration of at least about 0.3 molar, more preferably at leastabout 0.45 molar, and most preferably at least about 0.6 molar. Forformulations where very rapid microbial kill on skin is desired thehydroxycarboxylic acid concentration is in excess of 0.7 molar.

Generally, the antimicrobial efficacy of povidone/iodine formulations isdirectly related to the molar concentration of hydroxycarboxylic acidbuffer. With sufficiently high levels of hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer,the compositions are able to reduce the normal skin flora on a dry humanskin site (typically, the back or abdomen) by an average of greater thanor equal to 2 logs in only 2 minutes following a 30-second scrub, andpreferably following a simple painting application (no scrubbing) wherethe site is painted 3 times when tested according to ASTM testing methodE1173-93. This is demonstrated in the Examples Section.

Typically, the concentration of hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer in weightpercent of the use composition is at least about 5 wt-% and often atleast about 7 wt-%, based on the weight of the use composition. Theconcentration of hydroxycarboxylic acid buffer is preferably no greaterthan about 15 wt-%, more preferably no greater than about 10 wt-%, andmost preferably no greater than about 5 wt-%, based on the weight of theuse composition. It may also be convenient in some applications tosupply concentrates that have much higher concentration ofhydroxycarboxylic acid buffer but when diluted to the use concentrationfall within the specified ranges.

High concentration of hydroxycarboxylic acid buffers would be expectedto contribute to poor PSA-coated product adhesion especially over longwear times. In long wear time applications, moisture build-up fromtranspiration and perspiration in combination with external fluidexposure is believed to be the principle mode of failure. Incorporationof hydrophilic compounds usually results in premature adhesion failure.For example, incorporation of glycols such as glycerin and propyleneglycol at levels as low as 3% significantly reduces the adhesion ofPSA-coated products. With certain hydroxycarboxylic acid buffers (e.g.,lactic acid, malic acid, and citric acid), however, surprisinglyconcentrations in excess of 5 wt-% and even as high as 10-13 wt-% stillallow sufficient PSA-coated product (e.g., incise drape) adhesion.

Preferably, the ratio of hydroxycarboxylic acid (“HA”) buffer (freeacids, as well as lactones thereof, salts thereof, or derivativesthereof) to antimicrobial agent is at least about 4.0 grams HA bufferper gram available iodine, more preferably, at least about 6.5 grams HAbuffer per gram available iodine, and most preferably, at least about9.0 grams HA buffer per gram available iodine.

Vehicle

Suitable liquid vehicles for the antiseptic compositions of the presentinvention include water, optionally in combination with acetone or analcohol, particularly a (C1-C4)alcohol (i.e., a lower alcohol) such asethanol, 2-propanol, and n-propanol, and mixtures thereof. The preferredvehicle is injectable-grade water, i.e., USP grade “water forinjection”, however, other forms of purified water may be suitable suchas distilled and deionized water.

For applications to in-tact skin, however, it may be desirable toinclude a lower alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol, or n-propanol.These alcohols are well known to contribute to rapid microbial kill. Forthese applications the alcohol to water ratio is preferably at leastabout 60:40, and more preferably at least about 70:30, by weight.Addition of alcohol in these high concentrations will also decrease thedry time of the composition.

When a lower alcohol is used, incorporation of surfactants (as discussedin greater detail below) may or may not be necessary. In some caseselimination of the surfactant may allow for better adhesion ofPSA-coated products over the dried film.

Particularly preferred antiseptic compositions include water and aresubstantially free (i.e., less than about 10 wt-%) of volatile organicsolvents (i.e., those having a closed-cap flash point of greater thanabout 140° F. (60° C.)), such as acetone, lower alcohols, alkanes,volatile silicones, etc.

Aqueous formulations are preferred since these formulations are gentleto both skin and mucosal tissue and may even be suitable for use on openwounds as a wound cleanser. Furthermore, compositions containing organicsolvents may also be flammable, which is typically a consideration inshipping and handling the product.

Preferred compositions of the present invention include less than about5 wt-% volatile organic solvents, and more preferably less than about 3wt-% volatile organic solvents, based on the total weight of thecomposition. These preferred aqueous compositions typically arenonflammable, having a closed-cup flash point of greater than about 140°F. (60° C.). The addition of lower alcohols (C1-C4) at less than about 4wt-% may improve wetting of the compositions and yet maintain aflashpoint above about 140° F. (60° C.). Flashpoint is measuredaccording to test method ASTM D3278-96.

Optional Film-Forming Polymers

It is particularly desirable to add one or more film-forming polymers tothe antiseptic compositions to improve substantivity (e.g., resistanceto wash off by blood and body fluid exposure), improve adhesion ofPSA-coated products, and/or reduce the tack of the compositions.Preferred film-forming polymers of the antiseptic compositions of thepresent invention are substantive and resist removal by prolongedexposure to fluids such as water, saline, and body fluids, yet can beeasily and gently removed without the need for organic solvents.

Preferred film-forming polymers have both hydrophilic and hydrophobicmoieties. Particularly preferred film-forming polymers includerelatively high levels of total hydrophobic monomers. The preferredpolymers are relatively hydrophobic to provide good substantivity andprolonged adhesion of PSA-coated products. Particularly preferredpolymers are formed using a hydrophobic monomer level of at least about50 wt-%, and often as high as 80 wt-%, based on the total weight of thepolymerizable composition (and preferably, based on the total weight ofthe polymer). Various combinations of hydrophobic monomers can be usedif desired.

Examples of suitable hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers are describedin Applicants' Assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,078.

The film-forming polymers may be nonionic, anionic, or cationic. Theymay also have pressure sensitive adhesive properties. These include bothsynthetic and natural polymers as well as derivatives of naturalpolymers. Preferred film-forming polymers are cationic.

Surprisingly, the solubility and stability of cationic film-formingpolymers are not affected detrimentally by the presence ofmultifunctional carboxylic acid containing hydroxyacids such as citricacid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and the like. This is particularlysurprising since it would be expected that adding these acids intocompositions containing cationic polymers at very high concentrationswould result in precipitation of the polymer due, for example, to ioniccrosslinking.

Preferred film-forming polymers are cationic polymers, particularlythose that include side-chain functional amine groups. Examples of suchgroups include protonated tertiary amines, quaternary amines, amineoxides, and combinations thereof. Preferred such polymers are describedin Applicants' Assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,078.

Preferred film-forming polymers are vinyl polymers prepared from aminegroup-containing monomers. Preferably, the vinyl polymers have a Tg ofat least about 30° C., and more preferably at least about 50° C. Onemethod of measuring the Tg of a polymer may involve the utilization of aDifferential Scanning calorimeter (DSC, e.g., the PYRIS 7-Series ThermalAnalyzer, Perkin-Elmer, Shelton, Conn.) in the range of −100° C. to+100° C. at a rate of 20° C. per minute.

For certain preferred film-forming polymers, the amine group-containingmonomers can be used to prepare the film-forming polymers in an amountof at least about 15 wt-%, more preferably at least about 20 wt-%, evenmore preferably at least about 25 wt-%, and most preferably at leastabout 30 wt-%, based on the total weight of the polymerizablecomposition (and preferably, based on the total weight of the polymer).The amine group-containing monomers used to prepare the film-formingpolymers are typically used in an amount of no greater than about 70wt-%, preferably no more greater than about 65 wt-%, more preferably nogreater than about 60 wt-%, and most preferably no greater than about 55wt-%, based on the total weight of the polymerizable composition (andpreferably, based on the total weight of the polymer).

The equivalent weight of the amine group contained in the polymer ispreferably at least about 300, more preferably at least about 350, evenmore preferably at least about 400, and most preferably at least about500, grams polymer per equivalent of amine group. The equivalent weightof the amine group contained in the polymer is preferably no greaterthan about 3000, more preferably no greater than about 1500, even morepreferably no greater than about 1200, and most preferably no greaterthan about 950, grams polymer per equivalent of amine group.

Examples of film-forming polymers that are PSAs at room temperatureinclude those based on side-chain functional amine group monomers incombination with long chain alkyl acrylic polymers and optionally otherhydrophilic monomers. For example, a particularly effective polymer thatis a PSA includes 80% 2-ethylhexylacrylate and 20% trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride, based on the total weight of the polymerizablecomposition (and preferably, based on the total weight of the polymer).Another PSA polymer in this class includes 75% 2-ethylhexyl acrylate,25% trimethylaminoethyl methacrylate chloride, and 5% of a methoxypolyethylene glycol (about 9 ethyleneoxy units) monoacrylate, which iscommercially available from Shin-Nakamura Chemicals, Wakayama City,Japan under the trade designation AM-90G.

Preferably the viscosity of a composition of the present invention is nogreater than about 1000 cps when measured at 23° C. using a BrookfieldRVT ROTOVISCO viscometer. Therefore, the film-forming polymers of thepresent invention preferably have an inherent viscosity of no greaterthan about 0.75 and preferably no greater than about 0.5 as measured intetrahydrofuran according to the method in the Examples Section. Inorder to ensure sufficient substantivity, however, the inherentviscosity of the film-forming polymer is preferably at least about 0.1,as measured in tetrahydrofuran according to the method in the ExamplesSection.

The molecular weight of the polymers is also preferably kept low inorder to maintain a low viscosity composition. Preferably, the molecularweight of the polymers is generally no greater than about 350,000Daltons, more preferably no greater than about 250,000 Daltons, evenmore preferably no greater than about 150,000 Daltons, and mostpreferably no greater than about 100,000 Daltons.

One or more film-forming polymers, preferably substantive film-formingpolymers, are present in the antiseptic composition in a total amount ofat least about 2 wt-%, preferably at least about 3 wt-%, and morepreferably at least about 5 wt-%, based on the total weight ofantiseptic composition. One or more film-forming polymers, preferablysubstantive film-forming polymers, are present in the antisepticcomposition in a total amount of no greater than about 10 wt-%, and morepreferably no greater than about 8 wt-%, based on the total weight ofantiseptic composition. The optional film-forming polymers arepreferably present in an amount to provide a substantive composition.

Higher concentrations of the film-forming polymer appear to promoteadhesion of PSA-coated products. In certain compositions, however,higher concentrations may not be possible due to instability especiallywhen exposed to temperatures above 50° C.

Preferably, in order to ensure adequate substantivity the weight ratioof film-forming polymer to hydroxycarboxylic acid is at least about0.25:1, preferably at least 0.35:1, more preferably at least about0.5:1, and most preferably at least about 0.70:1.

Optional Surfactants

It is particularly desirable when formulating with a film-formingpolymer to include one or more surfactants to enhance solubility andstability of the polymer in the composition. In addition, surfactantshelp the compositions to wet the skin and ensure a smooth uniformcoating. It is particularly important to provide a thin uniform coatingthat has complete coverage to ensure easy error-free application thatwill dry rapidly due to the thinness of the coating. In addition,certain surfactants may increase the antimicrobial activity.

If used, one or more surfactants are generally added to the antisepticcompositions of the present invention in an amount of at least about 0.5wt-%, based on the total weight of the composition. Preferably, one ormore surfactants are generally added to the antiseptic compositions ofthe present invention in an amount of no greater than about 10 wt-%,more preferably no greater than about 7 wt-%, even more preferably nogreater than about 5 wt-%, and most preferably no greater than about 3wt-%, based on the total weight of the composition. Too littlesurfactant results in an unstable composition especially upon exposureto elevated temperatures. Too much surfactant can undermine thesubstantivity of the dried composition on skin. For this reason, thesurfactant level is generally chosen as slightly above the minimum levelof total surfactant required to ensure stability at 50° C.

Furthermore, it is preferred to use surfactants having low inorganicsalt impurities such as sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, etc.Preferably, such salt content should be sufficiently low such that a 20%solution of the surfactant in water has a conductivity of less thanabout 100 micromhos/cm, more preferably less than about 85 micromhos/cm,and most preferably less than about 75 micromhos/cm.

The following types of surfactants can be used if desired:

a. Nonionic Surfactants. Particularly useful surfactants are nonionicsurfactants. It has been found that polyalkoxylated, and in particularpolyethoxylated, nonionic surfactants can stabilize the film-formingpolymers of the present invention in aqueous solutions particularlywell. In general, useful polyalkoxylated nonionic surfactants preferablyhave a hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) of at least about 14, and morepreferably at least about 16. Useful polyalkoxylated nonionicsurfactants preferably have an HLB of no greater than about 19. Whenusing combinations of nonionic surfactants a weight average HLB is usedto determine the HLB of the nonionic surfactant system. As used herein,the HLB is defined as one-fifth the weight percentage of ethylene oxidesegments in the surfactant molecule.

Surfactants of the nonionic type that have been particularly usefulinclude:

1. Polyethylene Oxide Extended Sorbitan Monoalkylates (i.e.,Polysorbates).

In particular, a Polysorbate 20 commercially available as NIKKOL TL-10(from Barret Products) is very effective.

2. Polyalkoxylated Alkanols.

Surfactants such as those commercially available under the tradedesignation BRIJ from ICI Specialty Chemicals, Wilmington, Del. havingan HLB of at least about 14 have proven useful. In particular, BRIJ 78and BRIJ 700, which are stearyl alcohol ethoxylates having 20 and 100moles of polyethylene oxide, respectively, have proven very useful. Alsouseful is a ceteareth 55, which is commercially available under thetrade designation PLURAFAC A-39 from BASF Corp., Performance ChemicalsDiv., Mt. Olive, N.J.

3. Polyalkoxylated Alkylphenols.

Useful surfactants of this type include polyethoxylated octyl or nonylphenols having HLB values of at least about 14, which are commerciallyavailable under the trade designations ICONOL and TRITON, from BASFCorp., Performance Chemicals Div., Mt. Olive, N.J. and Union CarbideCorp., Danbury, Conn., respectively. Examples include TRITON X100 (anoctyl phenol having 15 moles of ethylene oxide available from UnionCarbide Corp., Danbury, Conn.) and ICONOL NP70 and NP40 (nonyl phenolhaving 40 and 70 moles of ethylene oxide units, respectively, availablefrom BASF Corp., Performance Chemicals Div., Mt. Olive, N.J.). Sulfatedand phosphated derivatives of these surfactants are also useful.Examples of such derivatives include ammonium nonoxynol-4-sulfate, whichis commercially available under the trade designation RHODAPEX CO-436from Rhodia, Dayton, N.J.

4. Polaxamers.

Surfactants based on block copolymers of ethylene oxide (EO) andpropylene oxide (PO) have been shown to be effective at stabilizing thefilm-forming polymers of the present invention and provide good wetting.Both EO-PO-EO blocks and PO-EO-PO blocks are expected to work well aslong as the HLB is at least about 14, and preferably at least about 16.Such surfactants are commercially available under the trade designationsPLURONIC and TETRONIC from BASF Corp., Performance Chemicals Div., Mt.Olive, N.J. It is noted that the PLURONIC surfactants from BASF havereported HLB values that are calculated differently than describedabove. In such situation, the HLB values reported by BASF should beused. For example, preferred PLURONIC surfactants are L-64 and F-127,which have HLBs of 15 and 22, respectively. Although the PLURONICsurfactants are quite effective at stabilizing the compositions of thepresent invention and are quite effective with iodine as the activeagent, they may reduce the antimicrobial activity of compositions usingpovidone-iodine as the active agent.

5. Polyalkoxylated Esters.

Polyalkoxylated glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol,glycerol, and the like may be partially or completely esterified, i.e.,one or more alcohols may be esterified, with a (C8-C22)alkyl carboxylicacid. Such polyethoxylated esters having an HLB of at least about 14,and preferably at least about 16, are suitable for use in compositionsof the present invention.

6. Alkyl Polyglucosides.

Alkyl polyglucosides, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,951,993(Scholz et al.), starting at column 9, line 44, are compatible with thefilm-forming polymers of the present invention and may contribute topolymer stability. Examples include glucopon 425, which has a(C8-C16)alkyl chain length with an average chain length of 10.3 carbonsand 1-4 glucose units.

b. Amphoteric Surfactants. Surfactants of the amphoteric type includesurfactants having tertiary amine groups which may be protonated as wellas quaternary amine containing zwitterionic surfactants. Those that havebeen particularly useful include:

1. Ammonium Carboxylate Amphoterics.

This class of surfactants can be represented by the following formula:

R³—(C(O)—NH)_(a)—R⁵—N⁺(R⁴)₂—R⁶—COO⁻

wherein: a=0 or 1; R³ is a (C7-C21)alkyl group (saturated straight,branched, or cyclic group), a (C6-C22)aryl group, or a (C6-C22)aralkylor alkaryl group (saturated straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl group),wherein R³ may be optionally substituted with one or more N, O, or Satoms, or one or more hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide, or amine groups; R⁴ isH or a (C1-C8)alkyl group (saturated straight, branched, or cyclicgroup), wherein R⁴ may be optionally substituted with one or more N, O,or S atoms, or one or more hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine groups, a(C6-C9)aryl group, or a (C6-C9)aralkyl or alkaryl group; and R⁵ and R⁶are each independently a (C1-C10)alkylene group that may be the same ordifferent and may be optionally substituted with one or more N, O, or Satoms, or one or more hydroxyl or amine groups.

More preferably, in the formula above, R³ is a (C1-C16)alkyl group, R⁴is a (C1-C2)alkyl group preferably substituted with a methyl or benzylgroup and most preferably with a methyl group. When R⁴ is H it isunderstood that the surfactant at higher pH values could exist as atertiary amine with a cationic counterion such as Na, K, Li, or aquaternary amine group.

Examples of such amphoteric surfactants include, but are not limited to:certain betaines such as cocobetaine and cocamidopropyl betaine(commercially available under the trade designations MACKAM CB-35 andMACKAM L from McIntyre Group Ltd., University Park, Ill.); monoacetatessuch as sodium lauroamphoacetate; diacetates such as disodiumlauroamphoacetate; amino- and alkylamino-propionates such aslauraminopropionic acid (commercially available under the tradedesignations MACKAM 1L, MACKAM 2L, and MACKAM 151L, respectively, fromMcIntyre Group Ltd.).

2. Ammonium Sulfonate Amphoterics.

This class of amphoteric surfactants are often referred to as“sultaines” or “sulfobetaines” and can be represented by the followingformula

R³—(C(O)—NH)_(a)—R⁵—N⁺(R⁴)₂—R⁶—SO₃ ⁻

wherein R³—R⁶ and “a” are define above. Examples includecocamidopropylhydroxysultaine (commercially available as MACKAM 50-SBfrom McIntyre Group Ltd.).

c. Anionic Surfactants. Surfactants of the anionic type that have beenparticularly useful include:

1. Sulfonates and Sulfates.

Suitable anionic surfactants include sulfonates and sulfates such asalkyl sulfates, alkylether sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, alkylethersulfonates, alkylbenzene sufonates, alkylbenzene ether sulfates,alkylsulfoacetates, secondary alkane sulfonates, secondary alkylsulfatesand the like. Many of these can be represented by the formulas:

R³—(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)(OCH(CH₃)CH₂)_(p)—(Ph)_(a)—(OCH₂CH₂)_(m)—(O)_(b)—SO₃ ⁻M⁺

and

R³—CH[SO₃—M⁺]—R⁷

wherein: a and b=0 or 1; n, p, m=0-100 (preferably 0-40, and morepreferably 0-20); R³ is defined as above; R⁷ is a (C1-C12)alkyl group(saturated straight, branched, or cyclic group) that may be optionallysubstituted by N, O, or S atoms or hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide, or aminegroups; Ph=phenyl; and M is a cationic counterion such as Na, K, Li,ammonium, a protonated tertiary amine such as triethanolamine or aquaternary ammonium group.

In the formula above, the ethylene oxide groups (i.e., the “n” and “m”groups) and propylene oxide groups (i.e., the “p” groups) can occur inreverse order as well as in a random, sequential, or block arrangement.Preferably for this class, R³ comprises an alkylamide group such asR⁸—C(O)N(CH₃)CH₂CH₂— as well as ester groups such as —OC(O)—CH₂— whereinR⁸ is a (C8-C22)alkyl group (saturated branched, straight, or cyclicgroup).

Examples include, but are not limited to: alkyl ether sulfonates such aslauryl ether sulfates such as POLYSTEP B12 (n=3-4, M=sodium) and B22(n=12, M=ammonium) available from Stepan Company, Northfield, Ill. andsodium methyl taurate (available under the trade designation NIKKOLCMT30 from Nikko Chemicals Co., Tokyo, Japan); secondary alkanesulfonates such as Hostapur SAS which is a Sodium (C14-C17) secondaryalkane sulfonates (alpha-olefin sulfonates) available from ClariantCorp., Charlotte, N.C.; methyl-2-sulfoalkyl esters such as sodiummethyl-2-sulfo(C12-16)ester and disodium 2-sulfo(C12-C16) fatty acidavailable from Stepan Company under the trade designation ALPHASTEPC-48; alkylsulfoacetates and alkylsulfosuccinates available as sodiumlaurylsulfoacetate (under the trade designation LANTHANOL LAL) anddisodiumlaurethsulfosuccinate (STEPANMILD SL3), both from StepanCompany; alkylsulfates such as ammoniumlauryl sulfate commerciallyavailable under the trade designation STEPANOL AM from Stepan Company.

2. Phosphates and Phosponates.

Suitable anionic surfactants also include phosphates such as alkylphosphates, alkylether phosphates, aralkylphosphates, and aralkyletherphosphates. Many may be represented by the formula:

[R³—(Ph)_(a)—O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)(CH₂CH(CH₃)O)_(p)]_(q)—P(O)[O⁻M⁺]_(r)

where: Ph, R³, a, n, p, and M are defined above; r is 0-2; and q=1-3;with the proviso that when q=1, r=2, and when q=2, r=1, and when q=3,r=0. As above, the ethylene oxide groups (i.e., the “n” groups) andpropylene oxide groups (i.e., the “p” groups) can occur in reverse orderas well as in a random, sequential, or block arrangement.

Examples include a mixture of mono-, di- andtri-(alkyltetraglycolether)-o-phosphoric acid esters generally referredto as trilaureth-4-phosphate commercially available under the tradedesignation HOSTAPHAT 340KL from Clariant Corp., as well as PPG-5 ceteth10 phosphate available under the trade designation CRODAPHOS SG fromCroda Inc., Parsipanny, N.J.

3. Amine Oxides.

Suitable anionic surfactants also include amine oxides including alkyland alkylamidoalkyldialkylamine oxides of the following formula:

(R³)₃—N→O

wherein R³ is defined above and each R³ may be the same or different.

Optionally, the R³ groups can be joined to form a heterocyclic ring withthe nitrogen to form surfactants such as amine oxides of alkylmorpholine, alkyl piperazine, and the like. Preferably two R³ groups aremethyl and one R³ group is a (C12-C16)alkyl or alkylamidopropyl group.

Examples of amine oxide surfactants include those commercially availableunder the trade designations AMMONYX LO, LMDO, and CO, which arelauryldimethylamine oxide, laurylamidopropyldimethylamine oxide, andcetyl amine oxide, all from Stepan Company.

Combinations of various surfactants can be used if desired. For example,nonionic surfactants in combination with certain anionic surfactantsdescribed above can be used for certain advantage. For example, onepreferred surfactant system is based on a combination of a polysorbateand a polyethoxylated alkyl alcohol (Polysorbate 20+steareth-100).Certain preferred anionic surfactants include a polyalkoxylate group.These include the sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, and phosphonates.

For certain embodiments, it is desirable to select one or moresurfactants that associate or potentially associate with othercomponents in the composition after dry down may be tolerated better.For example, certain anionic surfactants such as methyl-2-sulfoalkylesters (e.g., sodium methyl-2-sulfo(C12-16) ester and disodium2-sulfo(C12-C16) fatty acid available from Stepan Company under thetrade designation ALPHASTEP PC-48) in combination with polyamine oxidefilm-forming polymers appear to increase the substantivity of a driedfilm of the antiseptic composition and adhesion of PSA-coated products.Certain of the sulfate and sulfonate containing surfactants also appearto significantly reduce dry times. The mechanism for this is not clear.While not intending to be bound by theory these surfactants mayassociate with cationic amine groups on film-forming polymers forming amore hydrophobic complex during dry down. Sulfates and sulfonates,phosphates and phosphonates, as well as the sulfobetaine typesurfactants have been shown to reduce the dry time significantly.

Other Optional Ingredients

In addition to film-forming polymers and surfactants, a variety of otheringredients may be added to the antiseptic compositions of the presentinvention for desired effect. These include, but are not limited to,skin emollients and humectants such as those described in U.S. Pat. No.5,951,993 (Scholz et al.), fragrances, colorants, tackifiers,plasticizers, etc.

Other antimicrobial agents and preservatives may be included as long asthey are compatible with the compositions. These include, but are notlimited to, chlorhexidine salts such as chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG),parachlorometaxylenol (PCMX), triclosan, hexachlorophene, fatty acidmonoesters of glycerin and propylene glycol such as glycerolmonolaurate, glycerol monocaprylate, glycerol monocaprate, propyleneglycol monolaurate, propylene glycol monocaprylate, propylene glycolmoncaprate, phenols, surfactants and polymers that include a(C12-C22)hydrophobe and a quaternary ammonium group, polycationic aminessuch as polyhexamethylene biguanide, quaternary silanes, silver, silversalts such as silver chloride, silver oxide and silver sulfadiazine,methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl parabens, octenidene, and the like, aswell as combinations thereof

Formulation of Preferred Embodiments with Low or No Tack

The preferred skin antiseptics of the present invention provide low tackor nontacky dry films, which can be removed with a water-soaked fabricsuch as a towel or simple gauze. Low tack is desirable to prevent skinfrom attaching together, such as beneath a breast or in a skin-fold.

The tack can be measured by spreading a film of about 4 milligrams (mg)of the composition per square centimeter of skin on an inner forearm andallowing this to dry thoroughly. A dry thumb (washed with IVORY bar soapand dried thoroughly before testing) is then pressed onto the dry filmand immediately removed. In preferred formulations there is essentiallyno perception of tack similar to the performance of a 10%povidone-iodine solution (such as that commercially available under thetrade designation BETADINE Surgical Solution from Purdue FrederickCompany, Norwalk Conn.). The most preferred preps can also be evaluatedby pressing a facial tissue such as a KLEENEX brand tissue availablefrom Kimberly-Clark, Roswell, Ga. over the prep and releasing. Thetissue should fall off under its own weight. Due to the variability inskin types this should be done with multiple subjects painted with thetest compositions and multiple evaluators.

Tack of the dried composition can be due to various factors such as theTg of the film-forming substantive polymer, and the level of hydrophilicadditives (e.g., glycols, certain low molecular weight organic acids,certain surfactants, antimicrobial agents, and the like) in theformulation which may plasticize the film. For example, certainiodophors such as PEG- or PVP-based iodophors can be plasticized by lowmolecular weight hydrophilic compounds. These compounds can furtherretain water in the films and contribute to tack.

Despite their very hydrophilic nature, however, the preferred organicacid buffers of the present invention do not contribute significantly tohigher tack. While not intending to be bound by theory this may be dueto hydrogen bond association between the carboxylic acid and thepyrrolidone ring carbonyl or the ether oxygen of the iodophor.

The tack of the dried compositions can be particularly high if theformulations contain film-forming substantive polymers that are pressuresensitive adhesives at skin temperature. For such compositions, as wellas others that may be tacky, certain excipients that can be added toreduce the tack. For example, the tack can be controlled by the additionof: high Tg polymers; certain polyfunctional acids; and certainsurfactants.

Certain high Tg polymers, such as those having a Tg of at least about30° C., preferably at least about 50° C., more preferably at least about55° C., and most preferably at least about 70° C., can reduce the tackof a composition of the present invention significantly. Suitable suchpolymers include polyvinyl alcohols. A preferred high Tg polymer (Tgreported as 75-80° C.) for reducing tack is hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) having a degree of hydrolysis greater than about 97%. Such amaterial is commercially available under the trade designation CELVOL305 as a 98-98.8% hydrolyzed PVA from Celanese Ltd., Dallas, Tex. Thismaterial is particularly desirable because it is of a relatively lowmolecular weight having a viscosity in water at 4% at 23° C. of only4.5-5.5 cps. Also, although it is rather hydrophilic, hydrolyzed PVAdoes not detrimentally affect the substantivity of a dried compositionof the present invention. While not being bound by theory, it isbelieved that the high degree of hydrolysis contributes to low tackwithout detrimentally affecting substantivity due to the fact that thesepolymers are not cold water soluble and thus once dried may resist goingback into solution.

It has also been found that certain polyfunctional acids candramatically reduce the tack of a composition of the present invention.For example, malic acid may reduce the tack of a formulation compared asimilar formulation having lactic acid in an equivalent molar amount.Molecules having 3 or more carboxylic acids are particularly effectivein reducing the tack of certain compositions. For example, certaincompositions having PSA film-forming polymers that include quaternaryammonium side-chain functional group monomers and long chain alkyl groupmonomers can be detackifed by the addition of citric acid. Formulationsthat are aggressively tacky can be modified to have very low tack at 3%citric acid and essentially no tack at 5% citric acid. While not beingbound by theory, it is believed that these polyfunctional acids may beforming ionic crosslinks with the quaternary ammonium groups on thefilm-forming polymer.

Certain surfactants can reduce the tack of compositions of the presentinvention. Particularly effective are silicone copolyol surfactants,which are surfactants based on polydialkylsiloxanes having pendantside-chains of polyalkyleneglycols. Many of these surfactantsdramatically reduce the tack of the formulations, however, most of thesesurfactants also inhibited the adhesion of PSA-coated products over thedry prep. Certain low molecular weight silicone copolyols, such as thatcommercially available under the trade designation MASIL SF-19CG fromPPG Industries, are able to reduce the tack of the compositions and yetnot significantly inhibit the adhesion of PSA-coated products.

Also, the tack of the compositions can be reduced by using polymers thatare not PSA in nature. These polymers generally have a glass transitiontemperature of greater than about 30° C. For example, polymers havinghigher amounts of short chain alkyl group tend to have higher glasstransition temperatures and thus can yield substantially nontackycompositions. For example, one class of preferred polymers is based onat least a ternary combination of side-chain amine group functionalmonomers copolymerized with both short chain alkyl (meth)acrylatehydrophobic monomers and long chain alkyl (meth)acrylate hydrophobicmonomers.

In particular, the following two groups of polymers are highlydesirable: Polymer System A:

Weight % Preferred Monomer Class Range Range Dimethylamine amine group25-60 35-55 oxide methacrylate Isobutylmethacrylate long chain alkyl10-30 10-25 Methylmethacrylate short chain alkyl 10-45 10-25(C12-C18)alkylmethacrylate long chain alkyl  0-30  5-15Preparation of the amine oxide containing polymers is described later inthe Example Section, however, it should be noted that the abovepercentages are given on a basis that all tertiary amine is converted toamine oxide. This may not always be the case. In preferred polymers atleast about 50%, more preferably at least about 60%, and most preferablyat least about 70%, of the tertiary amine is converted to the amineoxide. The most preferred polymer of this class is that commerciallyavailable under the trade designation DIAFORMER Z-731 from ClariantCorp., Mt Holly, N.C.

Polymer System B:

Weight % Preferred Monomer Class Range Range Trimethylaminoethyl aminegroup 20-50 35-45 acrylate chloride Methylmethacrylate short chain alkyl10-55 40-50 C12-C18 alkyl methacrylate long chain alkyl  0-30  2-15Butyl acrylate long chain alkyl  0-80  5-20The most preferred polymer of this class includes 40%trimethylaminoethyl methacrylate chloride, 45% methylmeth acrylate, 5%lauryl acrylate, and 10% butyl acrylate where all percentages are weightpercent of the polymerizable composition.

Application and Use

The compositions of the present invention are preferably supplied in theconcentration intended for use but may be prepared as concentrates thatare diluted prior to use. For example, concentrates requiring dilutionratios of 0.5:1 to 3:1 parts water to concentrate are contemplated. Thehigher limit of the concentrate is limited by the solubility andcompatibility of the various components at higher concentrations.

The compositions of the present invention may be applied to the skinusing any suitable means. Ordinarily an absorbent of some type such asgauze, foam sponges, non-woven fabrics, cotton fabrics, cotton swabs orballs, and the like, are soaked with the composition which is used towipe the composition over the intended site. With very high activitycompositions having exceptional wetting properties (e.g., higher alcoholcontent formulations), a single stroke prep may be all that isnecessary. In most cases, however, it is believed that it helps to wipethe soaked absorbent across the skin several times, preferably invarious directions, in order to thoroughly wet the skin and ensure goodcoverage into the finer details of the skin. In general, however,extensive scrubbing is not called for as is recommended by prior artproducts due to the enhanced activity resulting from the highconcentration of organic buffer. For example, the manufacturer ofBETADINE Surgical Scrub (Purdue Frederick Company, Norwalk, Conn.)specifies that the user scrub thoroughly for 5 minutes. The compositionsof the present invention require scrubbing for less than about 60seconds, preferably less than about 45 seconds, and most preferably forless than about 30 seconds, followed by a 2-minute wait withoutblotting.

In order to maintain strict asepsis, however, the applier of apreoperative patient skin prep should start at the proposed site of theincision and work outward never returning to the incision site with a“dirty” applicator. The most preferred compositions of the presentinvention can be wiped on the skin in a simple overlapping motion takingcare to cover each spot at least two or three times as the user worksoutward such that essentially no scrubbing is required.

For some applications it may be desirable to place a PSA-coated articleover a film of the dried composition. For example, if the composition isused as a skin prep for precatheterization it is generally recommendedto cover the puncture site to maintain sterility. This is generally doneby placing gauze and tape or a wound dressing over the puncture site andon top of the dried composition. These products are PSA-coated articlesand adhesion to the dried composition is important to maintain asepsis.Similarly, if the compositions are used as preoperative skin preps it isoften desirable to place a PSA-coated drape (a so-called incise drape)over the dried prep. The purpose of the adhesive-coated drape is to sealoff the nonsterile skin and provide the surgeon with a sterile surface.The surgeon makes the incision through this drape. Thus, it is importantthat the drape adhere to the dried composition and resist lift duringthe procedure.

In order to achieve good initial and prolonged adhesion of PSA-coatedproducts such as tapes, wound dressings, incise drapes, and the like, itis highly desirable and preferable to formulate compositions with thefollowing characteristics: a relatively low surfactant concentration(preferably no greater than about 10 wt-%, more preferably no greaterthan about 7 wt-%, even more preferably no greater than about 5 wt-%,and most preferably no greater than about 4 wt-%); one or moresurfactants that associate or potentially associate with othercomponents in the composition during and/or after dry down; one or morefilm-forming polymers with higher content of hydrophobic monomer; arelatively high film-forming polymer concentration (preferably at leastabout 2 wt-%, more preferably at least about 3 wt-%, and most preferablyat least 5 wt-%); and a relatively low hydroxycarboxylic acidconcentration (preferably no greater than about 15 wt-%, more preferablyno greater than a bout 12.5 wt-%, and most preferably no greater thanabout 10 wt-%).

Medical tapes and dressings that adhere particularly well to thecompositions of the present invention when dry include those utilizingacrylate-based pressure sensitive adhesives, block copolymer-basedpressure sensitive adhesives (e.g., adhesives based on KRATON polymerscommercially available from Kraton Polymers, Houston, Tex.), andrubber-based pressure sensitive adhesives. Examples include tapes anddressings commercially available from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn., underthe trade designations TRANSPORE, BLENDERM, STERI-STRIPS, MICROPORE,TEGADERM, STERIDRAPE, and IOBAN 2.

A pressure sensitive adhesive tape applied over the dried compositionsof the present invention on skin preferably adheres at a level of atleast about 50% of the level of adhesion of the pressure sensitiveadhesive tape applied over dried povidone-iodine solutions (specificallyBETADINE Surgical Scrub (7.5% povidone-iodine solution) and BETADINESurgical Solution (10% povidone-iodine solution), both of which arecommercially available from Purdue Frederick Company, Norwalk, Conn.).This can be measured by applying a thin uniform amount of the testcomposition to skin as described in the Examples Section, allowing thefilm to dry, applying the PSA-coated tape (such as 0.5 inch (1.27 cm)wide samples of 3M IOBAN 2 Antimicrobial Incise Drape (3M Company, St.Paul, Minn.)), and rolling with a 4.5-pound (2.1-kg), 2-inch (5.1-cm)wide roller. After waiting at least 1 minute, and preferably 5 minutes,the PSA-coated tape is removed at a peel angle of 180 degrees at a speedof 12 inches/minute (30.5 cm/minute). Due to the variability in skintypes, a statistically relevant sample is employed, which is typicallyat least 8 subjects where at least 2 strips are applied to the backs ofeach subject.

The compositions of this invention, if applied in a thin film to theskin and allowed to dry, preferably allow immediate adhesion of medicaladhesive products. That is, typically and preferably, within about 3minutes of application of a thin film (or once the composition is dry tothe touch), a PSA-coated product can be applied over the compositionthat will exhibit good adhesion in as little as about 5 minutes,preferably in as little as about 120 seconds, and most preferably in aslittle as about 60 seconds. Furthermore the adhesion is maintained forat least several hours after application.

For the present invention, the principal mode of failure of PSA-coatedproducts, such as incise drapes, over dried skin preps is primarilyexposure to moisture. Moisture that can dissolve part or all of thecomposition and contribute to lift may come from patient transpiration,perspiration, or from external sources such as surgical irrigationfluid, blood, catheter related edema and fluid, and the like.

EXAMPLES

The objects, features, and advantages of the present inventionillustrated in the following examples, which incorporate particularmaterials and amounts, should not be construed to unduly limit thisinvention. All materials are commercially available unless otherwisestated or apparent. All parts, percentages, ratios, etc., in theexamples are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

GLOSSARY

EHA 2-ethylhexyl acrylate BASF Corporation, Mt. Olive, NJ LMA laurylmethacrylate: SR313B Sartomer, Exton, PA SMA stearyl methacrylate Rohmand Haas, Philadelphia, PA BA butyl acrylate Hoechst Celanese, Dallas,TX and ICI, Wilmington, DE IBMA isobutyl methacrylate Monomer-Polymer &Dajac Lab, Inc., Feasterville, PA DMAEAMC dimethylaminoethyl acrylatemethyl Ciba Specialty Chemicals, chloride quaternary salt Woodbridge, NJ(AGEFLEX FA1Q80MC); also referred to as trimethylaminoethyl methacrylatechloride salt 80% aqueous solution DMAEMA dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Woodbridge, NJ DMAEAdimethylaminoethyl acrylate Ciba Specialty Chem., (AGEFLEX FA1)Woodbridge, NJ AM-90G methoxy(polyethylene oxide) Shin-NakamuraChemicals, acrylate (approximately 450 MW) Wakayama City, Japan MMAmethyl methacrylate ICI EtOH ethanol SDA-3A, anhydrous Eastman EtOHethanol N-190 Worum Chemicals, Minneapolis, MN H₂O₂ hydrogen peroxide,50% aqueous Sigma-Aldrich Fine solution Chemicals, Inc., St. Louis, MOVAZO 67 2,2′-azobis E. I. du Pont de Nemours and (2-methylbutanenitrile)Company, Wilmington, DE Ascorbic Acid ascorbic acid, vitamin C AmendDrug & Chemical Co. NaOH sodium hydroxide Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals,Inc. D-C Additive 62 Dow-Corning Additive 62 Dow-Corning, Midland, MIdefoamer TBHP t-butyl hydroperoxide, 70% in Arco Chemicals water SFSsodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate Fluka hydrate PLURONIC PLURONIC blockcopolymer of BASF Corporation poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propyleneoxide) TBA tertiary buty alcohol Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals PVP-Ipovidone-iodine USP BASF Corporation POLYSTEP Ammonium laureth 12sulfate Stepan Company, Northfield, B22 IL LA L lactic acid, High Pure88, USP Purac America, Lincolnshire IL MLA DL malic acid UniversalPreserv-a-Chem, Edison, NJ SILWET silicone copolyol Witco Corporation,L-7614 Greenwich, CT DIAFORMER aminoxide side-chain group ClariantCorporation, Z711, Z712, acrylate Charlotte, NC Z731, Z751 CELVOL 103,98-98.8% hydrolyzed polyvinyl Celanese Ltd., Dallas, TX 305, 321 alcoholCELVOL 502, 88% hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol Celanese Ltd., Dallas, TX523 MACKAM coco betaine McIntyre Group Ltd., CB-35 University Park, ILTHF Tetrahydrofuran Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals DI water deionizedwater CA citric acid Universal Preserv-a-Chem, Edison, NJ MDA mandelicacid Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals MMB MMB glycol CBC (America) Corp. NewYork, NY TL10 NIKKOL TL-10 Barnet Products Corp., Englewood Cliffs, NJTWEEN 20 ICI BRIJ 700 ICI PLURAFAC ceteareth 55 BASF A39 SURFONICnonylphenolethoxylate having an Huntsman Corp., Austin TX N-150 HLB of15

Test Protocols Inherent Viscosity (IV)

The inherent viscosity of a polymer is measured in accordance with theprotocol described by Fred Billmeyer, Jr. at pages 84-85 of the textbookentitled “Textbook of Polymer Science,” Second Edition, published byWiley-Interscience (1971). Briefly, solution viscosity is measured bycomparing the efflux time (t) required for a specified volume of polymersolution to flow through a capillary tube with the corresponding effluxtime (t₀) for the solvent. The measured variables t, t₀, and soluteconcentration (c) are then used to calculate inherent viscosity (alsoknow as Logarithmic Viscosity) using the equation:

η=(ln t/t ₀)/c

For the examples of the present invention, IV was determined as a 0.15to 0.50 weight percent solution of the film-forming polymer intetrahydrofuran (THF). Amine oxide-containing polymers are not solublein THF alone and thus are measured at a 0.15-0.5 weight percent solutionin 50/50 THF/methanol by weight.

Molecular Weight Measurement

The polymer is diluted to 5 milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL) in THF andfiltered with a 0.45 micron (i.e., micrometer) membrane; Mobile Phase:THF; Flow Rate: 1.0 milliliter per minute (mL/min); Detector: Waters 410Refractive Index; Columns: UltraStyragel-6, 30×7.8 millimeters (mm)each; Standards: Polystyrene, narrow dispersity; ranging 7.5×10⁶-580molecular weight of polystyrene.

Human Skin Antimicrobial Activity

Many of the compositions were checked for antimicrobial activity in amethod similar to ASTM testing method E-1173-93 Standard Test forEvaluation of a Pre-operative Skin Preparation except that thecompositions were applied to the backs (considered a “dry” site) ofhealthy volunteers and the baseline bacterial flora counts as put forthin section 7.1 of the ASTM method were not as high. Preps were alwayscompared to the 2-step application of BETADINE Surgical Scrub (7.5%povidone-iodine, Purdue Frederick Company, Norwalk, Conn.) and BETADINESurgical Solution (10% povidone-iodine “paint”, Purdue FrederickCompany, Norwalk, Conn.) per the manufacturer's instructions. Allstudies were randomized block designs. On the Study Day, two samples forbaseline microbial counts were taken, one from the upper back and onefrom the lower back, on opposite sides of the spine. The testformulations and the control were randomized on the back-usually fouracross the upper back and four across the lower back. The residualbacteria were sampled from all sites 2.0 minutes after completion ofapplication. All test samples were applied using sterile gauze saturatedwith the test composition (fully wet and dripping) applied in one of twoways. In one method an approximately 2×2 inch (5.1 cm×5.1 cm) area was“scrubbed” for 30 seconds using moderate pressure. In a second methodthe prep was applied by simply painting the site with moderate pressure3 times in a continuous motion without stopping. BETADINE Surgical Scruband BETADINE Surgical Solution were applied following manufacturer'sdirections. Briefly, BETADINE Surgical Scrub was applied with saturatedgauze and scrubbed for 5 minutes, wiped off; and the BETADINE SurgicalSolution applied in an outward spiral from center. The compositions ofthe invention, therefore, had a much shorter time to kill than did theBETADINE scrub and paint procedure. A minimum of 8 subjects were used inaccordance with sections 8.2-8.3 of ASTM testing method E1173. Allsubjects refrained from using antimicrobial products for a minimum of 2weeks. The average log reduction from baseline was determined for eachcomposition. If multiple sites were run the log reduction for each sitewas determined. Results are reported in average log reductions(numerical average of the log reduction values). Note that anappropriate neutralizer was first determined for each formulation testedin accordance with ASTM testing method E1173-93 section 6.7. For mostpolymer systems the following neutralizing sampling solution was used:0.4 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10.1 g sodium hydrogen phosphate,1.0 g TRITON X100 surfactant available from Union Carbide Corp., HoustonTex., 4.5 g lecithin (CAS #8002-43-5, available from Fisher Scientific,Fairlawn, N.J. as Cat No. 03376-250), 45.0 g TWEEN 80 (ICI), 1.0 gsodium thiosulfate, and deionized water to bring the total volume to 1liter. The sampling solution was prepared by adding all componentstogether and heating with stirring to approximately 60° C. untildissolved. It was then placed in containers and steam sterilized.

Certain of the quaternary polymers have been shown to have antimicrobialactivity and require appropriate neutralizers as described herein.Polyanionic polymers such as polysulfonic acid polymers capable ofprecipitating out the quaternary polymers work well. The preferredpolysulfonic acid polymers are available as AQ polyesters from EastmanChemical Company, Kingsport, Tenn., and particularly preferred is AQ55S, which is reported to be a linear amorphous polyester based onsodium sulfoisophthalic acid. EASTMAN AQ 55S polymer is furtherdescribed as a relatively high molecular weight having a dry Tg of about55° C. This was dispersed in water at 30% by weight in water prior toaddition to the neturalization media. When necessary this was added tothe sampling solution as 70 g of the 30% wt/wt solution of AQ55S inwater prior to adjust the final volume to 1 liter with water.

Substantivity Test

Selected compositions were applied to the forearms of healthyvolunteers. The composition was applied as a uniform wet coating in anamount of approximately 4 milligrams per square centimeter (mg/cm²) andallowed to thoroughly dry (typically a minimum of 5 minutes) over anarea of approximately 5×5 cm. The dried composition was exposed torunning tap water at a temperature of 23° C.-24° C. and a flow rate ofabout 2.5 liters/minute (L/min). The water was allowed to hit the armimmediately above the test site and run down over the site. The arm washeld at an angle of approximately 45 degrees and the water was allowedto drop from approximately 15 cm before it hits the arm. The time forcomplete loss of color was recorded. BETADINE Surgical Solution (10%povidone-iodine, “paint”) was often used as a control and this typicallylasts for less than 5 seconds. Compositions that are not colored may betested by addition of a suitable colorant. The colorant should notadversely effect the substantivity and thus pigments are often employed.

Certain samples were evaluated qualitatively by applying samples in thesame manner and checking for resistance to wash off, however, the timewas not recorded. For these samples “very good” refers to compositionsthat resist wash off very well and are believed to have a substantivityvalue in excess of 60 seconds, “good” refers to compositions that have asubstantivity value of greater than 30 seconds, and “low” refers tocompositions that have a substantivity value of 15-30 seconds.

Tack Test

The tack of dried compositions was evaluated after applying to theforearms of healthy volunteers and allowing the compositions to dry. Acomposition was applied as a uniform wet coating in an amount ofapproximately 4 mg/cm² and allowed to thoroughly dry (typically aminimum of 5 minutes). The tack was evaluated by pressing a clean fingeror thumb (washed and dried thoroughly) onto the composition withmoderate pressure for 3-5 seconds and releasing. The tack was ratedsubjectively as no tack (equivalent to BETADINE Surgical Solution, i.e.,10% povidone-iodine, “paint”), very low tack (very slight sticking tothe test finger, little and no visible skin deformation of the coatedskin upon removal of the test finger, KLEENEX tissue can be pressed onand falls off under its own weight), low tack (slight sticking to thetest finger with some upward deformation of the coated skin indicatingadhesion, KLEENEX tissue can be pressed on and removed with slight or nofibers), moderate tack (sticks to the test finger with visibledeformation of the coated skin upon removal, KLEENEX tissue will tearupon removal), or high tack (sticks so much that the coated skin visiblypulls up significantly as the test finger is slowly removed).

Incise Drape Adhesion Test

The adhesion of adhesive products over the compositions of the presentinvention was evaluated by both a qualitative use test and aquantitative peel test.

Qualitative Test: In the qualitative test, a sample was applied to theforearm as described above for the Substantivity test to one side of aforearm. On the lateral side was painted BETADINE Surgical Scrub(“scrub”, 7.5% povidone-iodine) and BETADINE Surgical Solution (“paint”,10% povidone-iodine) per the manufacturer's instructions. Both wereallowed to dry for at least 5 minutes. A sample of 3M IOBAN 2Antimicrobial Incise Drape (3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.) was appliedover the dried test sites and the drape worn for about 2 hours. Afterthe wear period any lift of the incise drape was noted. The drape wasremoved by peeling and the adhesive was qualitatively evaluated based onthe force needed to remove and the paint felt upon removal as low (lessthan BETADINE scrub and paint solutions), moderate (equivalent toBETADINE scrub and paint solutions), or good (better than BETADINE scruband paint solutions).

Quantitative Test: Sixteen (16) volunteers had the test compositionsapplied to their backs by simply painting the site with gauze saturatedwith the test composition using moderate pressure three times in acontinuous circular motion. The prep was allowed to dry for 5 minutesafter which ½ inch (1.27 cm) wide strips of 3M IOBAN 2 AntimicrobialIncise Drape were very gently applied over the dry composition. Within 5minutes the samples were rolled with a 4.5-lb (2.1-kilogram (kg)),2-inch (5.1-cm) roller to ensure uniform application pressure. The drapesamples were removed 10 minutes after application using aforce-measuring instrument at a peel angle of 180 degrees (unlessotherwise noted) and a speed of 12 inches/min (30.5 cm/min). The averageforce required to remove the sample over a 3-inch (7.6-cm) length wasrecorded. The reported value is the average of the values from all 16subjects.

Brookfield Viscosity Test

The viscosity was measured using a Brookfield RVT ROTOVISCO viscometercommercially available from Engineering Labs Inc. (Middleboro, Mass.)with a small sample adapter (ULA adapter) LVDVI+. Measurements weretaken at 23° C.-25° C. using spindle size 00 at a speed of 30revolutions per minute (rpm).

Rabbit Eye Irritation Test

Compositions were evaluated for their potential for eye irritationcompared to commercially available antiseptics: BETADINE Surgical Scrub(7.5% povidone-iodine) and BETADINE Sterile Ophthalmic Prep Solution (5%povidone-iodine). The test involved instilling into the eyes of adultNew Zealand White albino rabbits weighing 2.0-3.5 Kg of either sex.Proper husbandry of the animals prior to testing is ensured includingclean housing, high fiber rabbit diets (No. 5326 Purina Mills, Inc.),proper clean watering, proper environmental control (16° C.-22° C.,30%-70% relative humidity, and a 12 hour light/12 hour dark cycle). Allanimals were acclimated for at least 5 days and were given variouscage-enrichment devices. Eyes were examined using sodium fluorscein dyeon the day before the test material administration to ensure no sign ofcorneal injury or eye abnormality was present. Each test material wasadministered to three rabbits with 0.1 mL of undiluted test material/eyefor two consecutive days. The eyelids were gently held together for 1second before releasing to prevent loss of the material. The eyes of therabbits remained unflushed for approximately 24 hours followinginstillation of the test material. The right eye of each animal wastreated while the left eye remained untreated as a control. The eyeswere examined for ocular irritation at 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours aftertheir respective treatment. Additional observations were made at 96 and120 hours if irritation was present at 72 hours. Sodium Fluoroscein wasused to aide in revealing possible corneal injury for each animalbeginning with the 24-hour examination and each continuing examinationuntil a negative response was attained. Irritation was scored using theOcular Draize Technique (J. H. Draize: “Dermal Toxicity”, Appraisal ofthe Safety of Chemicals in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics, Association ofFood and Drug Officials of the U.S., 1959, pages 46-59) with somemodification. The maximum total score for these examples was the sum ofscores obtained only from the conjunctivae. Total maximum score possibleis 60 (20 per eye times three eyes). Notes were made with respect to theCornea opacity, but this was not included in the scoring.

Starting Materials Preparation Polymer A

The amounts of each chemical compound given in Table 1a were weighedinto a quart-size bottle (1.06 liters) and mixed together into ahomogeneous solution.

TABLE 1a Materials used in Polymer A Preparation Amount (grams)Description 150.0 2-EHA 50.0 DMAEAMC 10.0 AM-90G 0.5 VAZO 67 190.0 EtOH(N-190)

The mixture in the bottle was purged with nitrogen to remove oxygen andsealed with a TEFLON fluoropolymer resin (E. I. du Pont de Nemours andCompany) lined metal cap. The bottle was placed in an apparatus forrotating closed containers in a thermostatically controlled water bathat 60° C. for 24 hours. The inherent viscosity (IV) of the polymer wasdetermined (see Test Protocol for inherent viscosity) to be 0.11 in THF.The conversion of monomer to polymer was 99.6%.

Deionized (DI) water (450 grams (g)) was added to the bottle to dispersethe polymer to 23.5% solids. The dispersion was neutralized to pH=6-7 byaddition of 10% NaOH solution. Next the dispersion was scavenged toreduce residual monomer levels with TBHP/SFS ratios of 700/600, 700/600,700/500 parts per million (ppm) three times at 60° C. The scavengingreaction was performed by: 1) adding the first charge of TBHP (2.8 g ofa 5% ethanol solution) and stirring for 10 minutes; 2) adding the firstcharge of SFS (2.4 g of a 5% aqueous solution) and stirring for another30 minutes; 3) repeating 1) and 2) two additional times. The resultingdispersion was neutralized to pH=7-8 by addition of 10% NaOH solution,followed by stripping of ethanol under reduced pressure at 60° C. to 70°C. in a water bath. About 150 g of DI water was added during thestripping process to make up of the distilled ethanol. The finalproperties for the polymer dispersion were: solids, 26.8%,Mw/Mn=58.2/16.5K; Inherent Viscosity, 0.13 in THF; residual monomers,all monomers were below 10 ppm.

Preparation of Polymer B

The amounts of each chemical compound given in Table 1b were weighedinto a quart-size bottle (1.06 liter) and mixed together into ahomogeneous solution.

TABLE 1b Materials used in Polymer B Preparation Amount (grams)Description 7.5 LMA 15.0 BA, ICI 75.0 (80% in water) DMAEAMC 67.5 MMA0.375 VAZO 67 207.0 EtOH, anhydrous 3.0 DI water

The mixture was degassed, sealed and polymerized as described inPreparation for Polymer A. The conversion of monomer to polymer wasgreater than 99.5%. DI water (375 g) was added to the bottle to dispersethe polymer to 20% solids. The dispersion was scavenged to reduceresidual monomer levels with TBHP/SFS ratios of 1000/1000, 800/700,800/700 ppm three times at 60° C. as described in Preparation of PolymerA. The scavenged dispersion was distilled to remove ethanol atatmospheric pressure. D-C Additive 62 (at 0.30% based on solids) wasadded to control the foaming during the distillation process. The finalsample was thick and clear. The analytical results for the polymerdispersion were: solids, 20.5%; Brookfield Viscosity, 6000 cps; pH=3.9;residual monomers, none except for 3 ppm DMAEAMC.

Preparation of Polymer C

The amounts of each chemical compound given in Table 1c were weighedinto a quart-size bottle (1.06 liter) and mixed together into ahomogeneous solution.

TABLE 1c Materials used in Polymer C Preparation Amount (grams)Description 7.5 LMA 37.5 IBMA 52.5 DMAEMA 52.5 MMA 0.75 VAZO 67 350EtOH, anhydrous

The mixture was degassed, sealed, and polymerized as described inPreparation for Polymer A except at 75° C. for 16 hours. The conversionof monomer to polymer was 97.4% and the inherent viscosity was 0.33 inTHF.

Next 25 g of a 50% aqueous solution of H₂O₂ (H₂O₂/amine molar ratio=1.1)was added to the polymer to oxidize the tertiary amine to amine oxide at60° C. for 20 hours.

The oxidized polymer was mixed with DI water in equal parts to form aclear aqueous dispersion. The dispersion was scavenged with TBHP/SFSratios of 1000/1000, 1000/1000, 1000/1000 ppm at 60° C. three times aswas described in Preparation of Polymer A. Next ethanol was stripped offunder reduced pressure with about 0.05% D-C Additive 62 defoamer. Thestripped ethanol was replaced with 155 g of DI water. The finaldispersion had the following properties: solids, 17.1%; Brookfieldviscosity, 19600 cps; pH=7.7; residual monomers,LMA/IBMA/DMAEMA/MMA=570/770/none detected/75 ppm based on polymersolids.

General Composition Preparation for Examples

The compositions of the present invention were prepared in the followingmanner. For compositions incorporating povidone-iodine (PVP-I) the PVP-Iwas first dissolved in DI water at 30% solution by weight. In general,the addition order is not important, however, it is preferred to followthe general order listed below:

a. Weigh into the sample jar all hydrolytically stable nonionicsurfactants especially those that may be solids and may require heatingto dissolve, e.g., BRIJ 700.

b. Add the water, mix, and heat if necessary (e.g., to about 60° C.) todissolve any surfactants/polymers which may take 1-2 hours.

c. Add in buffer components one at a time with complete mixing inbetween additions.

d. Adjust pH by addition of 5N sodium hydroxide to about 2.5-6.0,preferably 3.5-4.0. The amount of sodium hydroxide is taken into accountin the amount of water.

e. Optionally, add in any surfactants that may not be as hydrolyticallystable, e.g., surfactants comprising ester linkages.

f. Optionally add in any anionic surfactants.

g. Add antimicrobial or other active agent, e.g. PVP-I as a 30% solutionconcentrate in water.

h. Add the film-forming polymer solution and mix.

i. Make any final pH adjustments that may be necessary.

Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples A and B

The compositions shown in Table 2a were prepared using the generalprocedure described above. The quarternary amine functional polyacrylateterpolymer was prepared with the general procedure for Preparation ofPolymer A except the monomer levels were altered to 75/20/5 of2-EHA/DMAEAMC/AM-90G.

TABLE 2a Compositions of Examples 1 and 2 Example 1 Example 2 (amount in(amount in weight Component CAS No. weight percent) percent) Terpolymerof 5.0 5.0 75/20/5 of 2-EHA/ DMAEAMC/AM-90G PVP-I 7.5 7.5 POLYSTEP B2232612-48-9 5.0 0.0 EtOH 64-17-5 1.0 5.0 Lactic Acid 79-33-4 6.0 10.0Citric Acid 5949-29-1 0.0 3.0 MMB glycol 56539-66-3 0.0 10.0 NIKKOLTL-10 9005-64-5 0.0 5.0 Water 75.5 54.5

The pH of Examples 1 and 2 was 4. The compositions were evaluated fortheir potential for irritation compared to two commercially availableantiseptics: BETADINE Surgical Scrub (7.5% povidone-iodine) (ComparativeExample A) and BETADINE Sterile Ophthalmic Prep Solution (5%povidone-iodine) (Comparative Example B). The test protocol for rabbiteye irritation was described above. The results are shown in Table 2b.The numeric scores are for redness and chemosis only as a simpleaddition of total scores for all animals.

TABLE 2b The Results of the Rabbit Eye Irritation Test for Examples 1and 2 and Comparative Examples A and B Time 72 96 Example No. 1 hour 24hours 48 hours hours hours 7 days Comparative  9(B¹1³)  7(B1) 0 — — —Example B Comparative 10 9 8 3 2 0 Example A Example 1  7(C²1) 3 2 0 — —Example 2 10(B1) 11(B1) 7 5 0 — ¹B means blanching of the conjunctivatissue ²C means corneal opacity ³Numerical value after the alpha codeindicates the number of animals involved

Examples 3-11

The compositions shown in Table 3a were prepared using the generalprocedure described above. The quarternary amine functional polyacrylatepolymers were prepared with the general procedure for Preparation ofPolymer A except the monomer levels were altered to 75/20/5 of2-EHA/DMAEAMC/AM-90G.

The compositions were evaluated for their potential for irritationcompared to two commercially available antiseptics as described forExamples 1 and 2. The results are shown in Table 3b. The numeric scoresare for redness and chemosis only as a simple addition of total scoresfor all animals.

TABLE 3a Compositions and pH of Examples 3-11 Example Number (amounts inwt-%) Component 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Terpolymer of 75/20/5 of 5.0 5.0 5.05.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2-EHA/DMAEAMC/AM-90G PVP-I 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.57.5 7.5 0.0 0.0 POLYSTEP B22 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 EtOH5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Lactic Acid 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 3.00.0 5.0 3.0 Mandelic Acid 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CitricAcid 6.0 8.0 8.0 3.0 8.0 5.0 8.0 6.0 3.0 DL Malic Acid 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.00.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 Propylene glycol 0.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 5.0NIKKOL TL 10 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 Water 66.5 59.5 59.566.5 58.7 64.5 64.5 74.0 79.0 Total Concentration of 11.0 13.0 13.0 11.013.8 13.0 13.0 11.0 11.0 Organic Acid pH 3.5 4.0 3.2 3.5 3.5 4.0 3.53.5-4.0 3.5-4.0

TABLE 3b Results of the Rabbit Eye Irritation Test for Examples 3-9 TimeExample Numeric 1 4 24 48 72 96 7 No. Ranking⁴ hour hours hours hourshours hours days Compara- 9  11(B¹2³)   15(B2, C1) 14(B3, C2) 10(C1) 4 0— tive Ex- ample A Compara- 3 10(B1) 11(B1)  4 0 — — — tive Ex- ample B3 7 12(B1) 11 8 6 0 — — 4 6 11(B1) 9(B1) 10  4 0 — — 5 5   8(C²1)  8 7 40 — — 6 4 11(B1) 10 5 0 — — — 7 8 11 11(B3)  11(B1)      7(B1) 0 — — 8 210(B1) 9(B1) 5 0 — — — 9 1  9  7 0 — — — — ¹B means blanching of theconjunctiva tissue ²C means corneal opacity ³Numerical value after thealpha code indicates the number of animals involved ⁴Numerical rankingwas calculated by adding total scores from all test times and takinginto account blanching and corneal opacity values

The results indicate that despite the high levels of organic acidbuffers all of the compositions were more gentle than BETADINE SurgicalScrub (Comparative Example A), which has been widely used for many yearson skin and mucosal tissue (although it is not indicated for use onmucosal tissue). In addition, Examples 8 and 9 were shown to be moregentle than BETADINE Sterile Ophthalmic Prep Solution (ComparativeExample B). All eyes treated with the compositions of the presentinvention had no irritation perceptible after 72 hours. Surprisingly,Examples 6 and 8 had no irritation perceptible after only 48 hours.Example 9 had no irritation perceptible after only 24 hours.

Examples 12-17

The compositions shown in Table 4a were prepared using the generalprocedure described above. The quarternary amine functional polyacrylatepolymers were prepared with the general procedure for Preparation ofPolymer A (2-EHA) or Preparation of Polymer C (LMA) except the monomerlevels were altered to 15/35/50 of 2-EHA/DMAEAMC/MMA and 5/10/40/45 ofLMA/BA/DMAEMAC/MMA respectively. The pH for all these compositions was3.5-4.

TABLE 4a Compositions of Examples 12-17 Example Number (Amounts inweight percents) Component 12 13 14 15 16 17 2-EHA/DMAEAMC/ 0.00 0.000.00 3.50 0.00 0.00 MMA 15/35/50 LMA/BA/DMAEMAC/ 3.50 0.00 3.50 0.000.00 3.50 MMA 5/10/40/45 DIAFORMER Z-731 0.00 5.00 2.50 2.50 5.00 0.00PVP-I 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 Lactic Acid 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.005.00 DL Malic Acid 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 NIKKOL TL 10 1.50 1.251.50 1.50 1.50 1.00 BRIJ 700 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.50 Water 79.0078.25 77.00 77.00 78.15 79.50 Total Concentration of 7 7 7 7 7 7 OrganicAcid

The compositions were evaluated for their potential for irritationcompared to two commercially available antiseptics as described forExamples 1 and 2. The results are shown in Table 4b. The numeric scoresare for redness and chemosis only as a simple addition of total scoresfor all animals.

TABLE 4b Results of Rabbit Eye Irritation Test for Examples 12-17 TimeExample 1 4 24 48 72 96 7 No. hour hours hours hours hours hours daysCompara- 12 16(B¹3²) 14(B2) 12(B2) 10(B2) 7 4 tive Ex- ample A Compara-10 12 7 1 1 0 — tive Ex- ample B 12 9 9 4 1 1 0 — 13 9 9 3 1 0 — — 14 1010 5 2 2 2 0 15 9 9 6 2 2 2 0 16 9 8 4 0 — — — 17 8 8 6 1 1 0 — ¹B meansblanching of the conjunctiva tissue ²Numerical value after the alphacode indicates the number

The results indicate that despite the high levels of organic acid buffer(7% by weight) all compositions had approximately the same potential forirritation as BETADINE Sterile Ophthalmic Prep Solution (ComparativeExample B) and were far less irritating than BETADINE Surgical Scrub(Comparative Example A). The type of polymer or blend of polymers didnot significantly alter the irritation potential. The Examples with thelowest level of surfactant and the amine oxide functional polymer, 13and 16, showed the least irritation.

Examples 18-21

The compositions shown in Table 5a were prepared using the generalprocedure described above. The quarternary amine functional polyacrylatepolymers were prepared with the general procedure for Preparation ofPolymer A (2-EHA) and the same polymer that was used in Example 1 wasused in the compositions for Examples 18-21. The pH for each of thesecompositions was 3-4.

TABLE 5a Compositions of Examples 18-21 Example Number (Amounts inweight percents) Component 18 19 20 21 2-EHA/DMAEAMC/AM- 5.00 5.00 5.005.00 90G 75/20/5 PVP-I 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 POLYSTEP B22 0.00 0.00 3.000.00 Ethanol 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Lactic Acid 3.00 5.00 0.80 0.00Mandelic acid 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.00 Citric Acid 6.00 6.00 8.00 8.00 DLMalic Acid 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 Propylene glycol 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00NIKKOL TL10 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Water 63.5 66.5 64.9 64.5

The compositions were evaluated for antimicrobial activity on skin asdescribed in the test method given above in a single panel of subjectseach tested on all 8 of the subjects. Total aerobic bacteria logreduction was determined. The concentration of alpha-hydroxy acids (AHA)was varied over a significant range. The molar concentration is shown inTable 5b, as is the antimicrobial activity (log reduction, last row).

TABLE 5b Molar Concentration of Alpha-hydroxy acids for Examples 18-21and Antimicrobial Activity Component Example Number (Moles) 18 19 20 21AHA 0.65 0.87 0.51 0.79 LA + MLA (M) 0.33 0.56 0.09 0.37 CA (M) 0.310.31 0.42 0.42 LA (M) 0.33 0.56 0.09 0.00 MLA (M) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37Antimicrobial 1.8 2.4 1.4 1.9 Activity

The antimicrobial activity results were plotted as a function of totalmolar concentration of alpha-hydroxy acid (FIG. 1) and as a function ofonly the concentration of Lactic acid (LA)+malic acid (MA) (FIG. 2). Theresults indicated that the log reduction seen on skin appeared to bedirectly related to the level of AHA in the composition at high levelsof AHA.

Examples 22-43

Example 22-43 illustrate the use of anionic detergent type surfactantsin combination with the amine group-containing film-forming polymers.The anionic detergent type surfactants used in these examples aredescribed in Table 6a.

TABLE 6a Anionic detergent type surfactants used in Examples 22-43 TradeMark Name Chemical Description CAS Number Source Address ALPHASTEP PC-48Sodium methyl-2-sulfoC12-16 ester 149458-07-1 Stepan Northfield, IL anddisodium2-sulfo C12-16 fatty acid MACKAM 50-SB Cocoamidopropylhydroxysultaine 68139-30-0 McIntyre Group Ltd University Park, IL AMMONYX LMDOC12-14 amidopropyldimethylamine Confidential Stepan Northfield, IL oxideAMMONYX LO lauryldimethylamine oxide 1643-20-5 Stepan Northfield, ILPOLYSTEP A16 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 68608-89-9 StepanNorthfield, IL POLYSTEP B11 Ammonium lauryl ether sulphate (4 StepanNorthfield, IL moles ethyleneoxide) WITCONATE 60T C10-C13alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, 68411-31-4 Crompton Corp Greenwich CTTriethanolamine salt STEPANOL WAT TEA laurylsulfate 139-96-8 StepanNorthfield, IL STEPANMILD SL3 disodium laureth (3mole) 39354-45-5 StepanNorthfield, IL sulfosuccinate STEOL CS330 Ammonium laureth sulfateStepan Northfield, IL HOSTAPHAT KL 340D Mono, di and tri- mixtureClariant Charlotte, NC lauryltetraglcyolether-o-phosphoric acid estersISOFOL 12 SULFATE 2butyloctylsulfate, sodium salt 94200-74-5 CondeaVista Houston TX ISOFOL 16 SULFATE 2hexyldecyl sulfate sodium salt25542-86-3 Condea Vista Houston TX MASKAM JS Sodium 68610-39-9 McIntyreUniversity Park, IL caprylamphohydroxysulfonate CRODAFOS SG PPG-5-Ceteth10 phosphate 73361-29-2 Croda, Inc Parsippany, NJ RHODAPEX CO-436Ammonium nonylphenol ether sulfate, 68649-55-8 Rhodia Dayton, NJbranched HOSTAPON CT sodium methylcocoyltaurate 61791-42-2 ClariantCharlotte, NC HOSTAPUR SAS-60 sodium C14-17 sec alkylsulfonate85711-69-9 Clariant Charlotte, NC HOSTAPON SCI 85 Sodiumcocoylisethionate (85% 61789-32-0 Clariant Charlotte, NC actives)

A base composition was prepared usingLMA/MMA/trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride salt/BA produced bypreparation of Polymer B described above. The components and the amountsand weight percent of each are shown in Table 6b.

TABLE 6b Base composition used in Examples 22-43 Amount Amount Component(grams) (weight percent solids) LMA/MMA/Trimethylaminoethyl 4.27 3.5methacrylate chloride salt/BA (20.5% solids) PVP-I (30% solids) 6.25 7.520% BRIJ 700 1.88 1.5 Lactic Acid (88% solution) 1.42 5.0 Malic Acid0.50 2.0 5N NaOH 1.90 7.6 NIKKOL TL10 0.38 1.5 Water 8.41 Total 25.00

Various surfactants were added to aliquots of the composition of Table6b. The compositions were mixed well for several hours. The stability ofthe compositions was evaluated by two methods. In the first method thevial was held up to a bright over-head fluorescent light to evaluateclarity and color. In the second method the vial full of composition wasevaluated using a very bright small illuminator (Model 78103, VaginalIlluminator System F/58001, Welch-Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, N.Y.) Theilluminator light source was placed directly on the bottom of the vialand the sample evaluated paying particular attention to the light path.Completely transparent samples, such as a solution of 10%povidone-iodine USP, appeared transparent with a light path that wentalmost straight through the vial with very little light diffraction.Samples that appeared cloudy by the fluorescent light evaluation methodwhen tested with the illuminator often showed a light path that wasconical and more diffuse. The stability was evaluated initially andafter 4 days at 23° C. and 60° C. The compositions and results of thestability test are described in Tables 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6h. Thepercentages are percent solids. Each of the compositions had a pH of3.5-4. The terms used to describe stability are: transparent means thatthe composition was a completely stable transparent solution whenevaluated by both the fluorescent light and the illuminator; cloudymeans that the composition appeared cloudy under the fluorescent lightand illuminator and showed a diffuse light path with the illuminator.These samples were physically stable with no separation unless otherwisenoted. Since they were not transparent a possible interaction may haveoccurred; precipitate means that a phase separation occurred usuallyaccompanied by settling, which was usually visible under the fluorescentlight and definitely visible under the illuminator; mocha means a moreopaque appearance similar to mocha chocolate drinks under thefluorescent light. With the illuminator these mocha samples may or maynot have appeared cloudy; and hazy means slightly cloudy under thefluorescent light but when evaluated with the illuminator thecomposition appeared transparent, but still was stable with no phaseseparation.

TABLE 6c Compositions and Results of Stability Tests for Examples 22-25Example 22 Example 23 Example 24 Example 25 Amount Amount Amount Amount% solid % solid % solid % solid component in component in component incomponent in Component grams solution grams solution grams solutiongrams solution Base Composition (Table 6b) 24.56 24.13 24.58 24.75WITCONATE 60T (57%) 0.44 1.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 HOSTAPON CT paste (28.6%)0.00 0.87 1.0 0.00 0.00 POLYSTEP B11 (59.2%) 0.00 0.00 0.42 1.0 0.00HOSTAPON SCI 85 (85%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 1.0 LMA/MMA/trimethylamino-3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 ethyl methacrylate chloride salt/BA (20.5% solids) PVP-I(30% solids) 7.4 7.2 7.4 7.4 Total 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 Stability at23° C. after 4 days cloudy/brown transparent/dark brown precipitateprecipitate Stability at 60° C after 4 days cloudy/brown TransparentPrecipitate precipitate

TABLE 6d Compositions and Results of Stability Tests for Examples 26-29Example 26 Example 27 Example 28 Example 29 Amount Amount Amount Amount% solid % solid % solid % solid component in component componentcomponent in Component grams solution grams in solution grams insolution grams solution Base Composition (Table 6b) 23.89 24.11 24.5824.00 HOSTAPHAT KL 340-D (90%) 0.28 1.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 STEOL CS-330(28%) 0.00 0.89 1.0 0.00 0.00 HOSTAPUR SAS-60 (60%) 0.00 0.00 0.42 1.00.00 STEPANMILD SL3 (33.7%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.35 LMA/MMA/ 3.3 3.43.4 3.4 trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride salt/BA (20.5% solids)PVP-I (30% solids) 7.2 7.2 7.4 7.2 Total 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00Stability at 23° C. after 4 days transparent/dark brown hazy/mochacloudy/brown precipitate/mocha Stability at 60° C. after 4 dayshazy/dark brown hazy/mocha cloudy/precipitate precipitate/mocha

TABLE 6e Compositions and Results of Stability Tests for Examples 30-33Example 30 Example 31 Example 32 Example 33 Amount Amount Amount Amount% solid % solid % solid % solid component component component componentComponent grams in solution Grams in solution grams in solution grams insolution Base Composition (Table 6b) 23.52 24.50 24.75 24.57 ALPHASTEPPC 48 (38.8%) 0.64 1.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 MACKAM 50-SB (50%) 0.00 0.50 1.00.00 0.00 CRODAPHOS SG 0.00 0.00 0.25 1.0 0.00 RHODAPLEX CO 436 (58%)0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 1.0 AMMONYX LMDO (30%) 0.83 1.0 0.00 0.00 0.00LMA/MMA/trimethylaminoethyl 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.4 methacrylate chloridesalt/BA (20.5% solids) PVP-I (30% solids) 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.4 Total 25.0025.00 25.00 25.00 Stability at 23° C. after 4 days Precipitatetransparent/dark cloudy precipitate Stability at 60° C. after 4 daysPrecipitate transparent/dark light precipitate precipitate

TABLE 6f Compositions and Results of Stability Tests for Examples 34-37Example 34 Example 35 Example 36 Example 37 Amount Amount Amount Amount% solid % solid % solid % solid component component component componentComponent grams in solution grams in solution grams in solution grams insolution Base Composition (Table 6b) 24.17 24.17 23.73 23.17 AMMONYX LO(30%) 0.83 1.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 AMMONYX LMDO (30%) 0.00 0.83 1.0 0.00 0.831.0 WITCONATE 60T (57%) 0.00 0.00 0.44 1.0 0.00 STEPANMILD SL3 (33.7%)0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.35 LMA/MMA/trimethylaminoethyl 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2methacrylate chloride salt/BA (20.5% solids) PVP-I (30% solids) 7.3 7.37.1 7.0 Total 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 Stability at 23° C. after 4 daystransparent/dark transparent/dark cloudy transparent/dark Stability at60° C. after 4 days transparent/dark transparent/dark precipitatetransparent/dark

TABLE 6g Compositions and Results of Stability Tests for Examples 38-41Example 38 Example 39 Example 40 Example 41 Amount Amount Amount Amount% solid % solid % solid % solid component component component componentComponent Grams in solution grams in solution grams in solution grams insolution Base Composition (Table 6b) 23.74 23.87 23.92 23.27 POLYSTEPB11 (59.2%) 0.42 1.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 HOSTAPON SCI 85 (85%) 0.00 0.30 1.00.00 0.00 CRODAFOS SG 0.00 0.00 0.25 1.0 0.00 STEOL CS-330 (28%) 0.000.00 0.00 0.89 1.0 AMMONYX LMDO (30%) 0.83 1.0 0.83 1.0 0.83 1.0 0.831.0 LMA/MMA/trimethylaminoethyl 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 methacrylate chloridesalt/BA (20.5% solids) PVP-I (30% solids) 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.0 Total 25.0025.00 25.00 25.00 Stability at 23° C. after 4 days Cloudy cloudytransparent/dark transparent/dark Stability at 60° C. after 4 daystransparent/dark transparent/dark/fine transparent/dark transparent/darkprecipitate with illuminator

TABLE 6h Compositions and Results of Stability Tests for Examples 42-43Example 42 Example 43 Amount Amount % solid % solid component componentin in Component grams solution grams solution Base Composition 23.7523.74 (Table 6b) HOSTAPUR SAS-60 0.42 1.0 0.00 (60%) RHODAPLEX CO-4360.00 0.43 1.0 (58%) AMMONYX LMDO 0.83 1.0 0.83 1.0 (30%) LMA/MMA/ 3.33.3 trimethylamino-ethyl methacrylate chloride salt/BA (20.5% solids)PVP-I (30% solids) 7.1 7.1 Total 25.00 25.00 Stability at 23° C. aftercloudy transparent/dark 4 days Stability at 60° C. after precipitate/transparent/mocha 4 days cloudy/mocha

The results show that in general most of the anionic surfactants werenot capable of forming transparent/dark solutions in combination withthe quaternary amine polymer. The sultaine and amine oxide surfactantsdid form transparent/dark solutions in combination with the quaternaryamine functional polymer. Certain surfactants such aslauramidopropyldimethylamine oxide can promote stability of certainanionic surfactants. It appears that the alkylalkoxylated anionicsurfactants are more compatible in general. For example, STEOL CS330,CRODAFOS SG, STEPANMILD SL3, and RHODAPEX C0436 are all formed fromalkoxylated alcohols and all formed transparent dark solutions in thepresence of AMMONYX LMDO.

Examples 44-53

Examples 44-53 were prepared using an amine oxide functional polymer,DIAFORMER Z731. The DIAFORMER Z731 was received in ethanol. The waterwas added and the ethanol stripped out on a rotary evaporator to yield asolution, which was 17% solids. The DIAFOMER Z731 amine oxide groups canbe protonated at low pH to yield a polymer which will be positivelycharged. A sample was titrated to determine the pKa of the polymer. Thiswas determined by starting at high pH (e.g. 8) and titrating with HCl tolow pH and then back again. Multiple pKa values were obtained. Thiswould be expected due to the multiple arrangements of the amine oxidegroups in the copolymer. The data was analyzed and it was found that ata pH of 4 close to 100% of the amine oxide groups are protonated. Theamine equivalent weight also was calculated and found to beapproximately 330 g polymer/equivalent amine. Despite the fact that thispolymer would be highly charged it is surprising compatible withmoderate levels (less than 2%) of many anionic surfactants. The level ofsurfactant was not increased too far to ensure the formulations hadadequate substantivity on skin. The compositions, pH, stability, andsubstantivity for these examples are listed in Tables 7a and 7b. InTables 7a and 7b the amounts of all components are given on a solidsbasis. By this it is meant that if a particular component is added as asolution in water the water is not included in the quantity of thiscomponent but rather reflected in the total amount of water in thecomposition.

TABLE 7a Compositions, pH, Stability, and Substantivity for Examples44-51 Example Number 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Component weight % weight %weight % weight % weight % weight % weight % weight % DIAFORMER Z-7315.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Povidone-Iodine USP 7.50 7.507.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 Lactic Acid 6.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.005.00 5.00 Malic Acid 2.50 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 NIKKOL TL101.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.00 BRIJ 700 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.000.00 0.00 2.00 1.00 ALPHASTEP PC-48 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 MACKAM 50-SB 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CRODAPHOS SG0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 AMMONYX LMDO 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.001.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 (30%) STEPANMILD SL3 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 POLYSTEP A16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 WITCONATE60T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 STEPANOL WAT 0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 RHODAPEX 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001.16 CO-436 Water 74.00  78.50  78.83  77.5 78.93 78.5 75 77.34 pH 3.5-43.5-4 3.5-4   3.5-4 3.5-4 3.5-4 3.5-4 3.5-4 Stability at 23° C.transparent/ transparent/ transparent/ transparent/ transparent/transparent/ transparent/ transparent/ after 4 days dark dark dark darkdark dark dark dark Stability at 60° C. transparent/ transparent/transparent/ transparent/ transparent/ transparent/ transparent/transparent/ after 4 days dark dark dark dark dark dark dark darkSubstantivity (sec) >>60     >>60     50-60 50 60 >60 >60 40

TABLE 7b Compositions, pH, Stability, and Substantivity for Examples52-53 Example Number 52 53 Component wt-% wt-% DIAFORMER Z-731 5.00 5.00Povidone-Iodine USP 7.50 7.50 Lactic Acid 5.00 5.00 Malic Acid 5.00 2.00NIKKOL TL10 1.50 0.00 BRIJ 700 0.00 1.00 CRODAPHOS SG 1.00 0.00 MACKAMJS 0.00 1.00 Water 75.00 78.5 pH 3.5-4 3.5-4 Stability at 23° C. after 4days transparent/dark transparent/dark Stability at 60° C. after 4 daystransparent/dark transparent/dark Substantivity (sec) >60 >>60

The data indicates that the amine oxide side-chain functionalsubstantive polymer, DIAFORMER Z731, is surprisingly compatible with awide variety of anionic surfactants. The presence of a co-surfactantsuch as an amine oxide (AMMONYX LMDO) appears to help stability as itdid for the quaternary polymers as well. Despite the addition of thesedetergent type surfactants, which are widely used in shampoos, soaps andother cleaners to facilitate removal of dirt, oil, etc. thesubstantivity to skin was excellent.

Examples 54-63

Examples 54-63 illustrate the use of a quaternary ammonium side-chainfunctional polyacrylate polymer having an additional hydrophilic monomer(a polyethoxylated acrylate, AM-90G) and an amine equivalent weight of1039 g polymer/equivalent quaternary amine which is a PSA at roomtemperature. These compositions were prepared as outlined above forPreparation Polymer A and the General Composition Preparation using thecomponents listed in Tables 8a and 8b.

Compositions were evaluated for human skin antimicrobial activity onhuman volunteers as described in the test protocol using the 30-second“scrub” application technique. Compositions were also evaluated forsubstantivity, tack, and incise drape adhesion as outlined in the testprotocols. The results are shown in Table 8a and 8b. The quantities ofall components are given on a solid basis.

TABLE 8a Compositions and Results of the Antimicrobial Activity,Substantivity, Tack, and Incise Drape Adhesion for Examples 54-57PComponent (Amount in wt-% Example Number solids) 54 55 55P¹ 56 57 57P75/20/5 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 of 2-EHA/ DMAEAMC/ AM-90G PVP-I7.50 7.50 0.00 7.50 7.50 0.00 PVP 30K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.50POLYSTEP 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B22 Ethanol 3.30 5.00 5.00 5.005.00 5.00 Lactic Acid 6.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 3.00 3.00 Citric Acid 0.006.00 6.00 8.00 3.00 3.00 Malic acid 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 NIKKOL0.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 TL10 Water 73.2 66.50 74.00 64.50 66.5066.50 pH 3.5-4 3.5-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4Substantivity >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 (sec) Tack High Moder- Low Moder-ate ate Microbial kill 1.9 2.35 0.6 1.9 1.8 1.4 (log reduction) InciseDrape 36 Adhesion (g/2.54 cm) BETADINE 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 kill (logreduction) ¹Placebo of Example with same number

TABLE 8b Compositions and Results of the Antimicrobial Activity,Substantivity and Tack for Examples 58-63. Component (Amount ExampleNumber in wt-%) 58 59 60 61 62 63 75/20/5 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 2.50of 2-EHA/ DMAEAMC/ AM-90G PVP-I 6.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 Ethanol5.00 3.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lactic Acid 5.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 4.50Citric Acid 3.00 0.00 3.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 Malic acid 0.50 4.00 3.00 3.003.00 2.50 NIKKOL 3.50 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 TL10 BRIJ 700 0.00 1.000.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 PLURONIC F127 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 PLURONICL64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30 CELVOL 103 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.80 SILWET L-7614 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Water 73.00 74.75 72.7577.75 79.45 79.65 pH 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4Substantivity >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 (sec) Tack Low Moder- Moder- Moder-Low ate ate ate Microbial kill 2.2 2.4 2.0 2.4 1.3 1.1 (log reduction)BETADINE 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 kill (log reduction)

Results: Example 54 illustrates a composition with a quaternary ammoniumside-chain polyacrylate film-forming polymer in combination with ananionic surfactant and relatively high level of lactic acid. Thecomposition was found to be stable to prolonged storage (greater than 30days) at 4° C., 45° C., 50° C., and 60° C. The composition was checkedfor antimicrobial activity twice. While the average log reductionappears less than BETADINE scrub and paint solutions, the compositionhad biocidal activity statistically equivalent to BETADINE due tovariability in the test method. This is surprising since thecompositions of the present invention had a much abbreviated applicationtime (2.5 min total contact time for Example 54 vs. a 5-min scrub withBETADINE Surgical Scrub followed by blotting, painting with BETADINESolution, and allowing this to dry for a total time of greater than 7min). Examples 55, 55P (placebo), 56, 57, 57P (placebo) and 58illustrate the use of a highly concentrated buffer systems based onlactic acid, malic acid, and citric acid in combination with thequaternary ammonium side-chain functional polymer in the presence of anonionic surfactant. The compositions were found to be stable after 1week of storage at 60° C. As expected, the active compositions, Examples55 and 57, had better microbial kill than did the placebos, Example 55Pand 57P. The “kill” of the placebo samples may be due to simply removingbacteria due to the application of the composition and subsequentsampling of the site. Examples 62 and 63 appeared to have relatively lowantimicrobial activity apparently due to the presence of the PLURONICL64. This surfactant has a relatively low HLB (15 reported by BASF, 8 bythe standard calculation of % EO/5), which may account for this effect.

Example 54 had relatively high tack. Examples 55, 57, 60, 61, and 62 allhad moderate tack. The presence of the citric acid appears to helpreduce the tack as seen in Example 56. The use of silicone copolyolsurfactants also appears to reduce tack, however, Example 59 had lowqualitative incise drape adhesion whereas Examples 60 and 61 had goodqualitative incise drape adhesion. Example 63 also had lower tack due tothe lower level of polyacrylate film-forming polymer and the presence ofthe PVA.

Example 55 was also evaluated in the quantitative adhesion test andfound to remove easier than an incise drape applied over BETADINE scruband paint solutions (36 vs. 55 g/2.54 cm).

All active containing formulations were applied to human skin and foundto wet well and coat uniformly. The compositions could be easily painteduniformly on human skin due to the low viscosity. The dried films formedon skin were flexible, durable, and did not crack. The substantivity ofall formulations was excellent with substantivity values greater than 60seconds. Despite the good substantivity the samples could be easilyremoved by wiping with a wet paper towel. Furthermore, despite the lowerpolymer level (polymer/active ratio of 0.47 vs. a polymer/active ratioof 0.67 in Examples 54-57) in Examples 58-62, the compositions still hadvery good substantivity.

Examples 64-66

Examples 64-66 illustrate the use of a quaternary ammonium side-chainfunctional polymer, which is not a PSA at room temperature due to thehigh level of higher glass transition monomers (addition of MMA). Thesecompositions were prepared as outlined above for Preparation Polymer Aand the General Composition Preparation using the components listed inTable 9.

Compositions were evaluated for human skin antimicrobial activity onhuman volunteers as described in the test protocol using the 3-wipepaint application technique. Compositions were also evaluated forsubstantivity and tack as outlined in the test protocols. The resultsare shown in Table 9. All component quantities are shown on a solidsbasis.

TABLE 9 Compositions and Results of the Antimicrobial Activity,Substantivity, and Tack for Examples 64-66 Component Example Number(Amount in wt-%) 64 64P 65 65P 66 65/20/5/10 of 2-EHA/ 3.50 3.50 3.503.50 3.50 DMAEAMC/AM-90G/ MMA PVP-I 7.50 0.00 7.50 0.00 7.50 PVP 30K0.00 7.50 0.00 7.50 0.00 Lactic Acid 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 5.00 Malic acid2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.00 NIKKOL TL10 2.50 2.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 BRIJ 7002.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 CELVOL 103 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.00 MACKAMCB-35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 Water 77.00 77.00 79.00 79.00 78.50 pH3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 Substantivity (sec) >60 >60 >60 Tack Low Low LowMicrobial kill 1.70 0.80 2.60 1.10 1.70 (log reduction) BETADINE kill2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 (log reduction)

In general, the tack of these formulations was less than that ofExamples 54-63 due to the higher glass transition polymer added (PVA).The microbial kill of Examples 64 and 65 were good and significantlyhigher than the placebo formulations. Example 65 killed as well as aBETADINE Scrub and paint despite the very short exposure time. This isassisted by the high buffer level present in the samples. All sampleshad very good substantivity. Despite the good substantivity the samplescould be easily removed by wiping with a wet paper towel. Thecompositions of Examples 64-66 could be easily painted uniformly onhuman skin due to the low viscosity. The dried films formed on skin wereflexible, durable, and did not crack.

Examples 67-74

Examples 67-74 illustrate the use of high levels of organic acid bufferin combination with preferred quaternary amine and amine oxideside-chain functional substantive film-forming polymers. Thesecompositions were prepared as outlined above for Preparation Polymer A(2-EHA) and Preparation Polymer C (LMA) and the General CompositionPreparation using the components listed in Table 10a and 10b. Thecomposition of DIAFORMER Z731 was analyzed by carbon NMR (determined bydissolving 100 milligrams (mg) dry polymer in 3 milliters (mL) of a 50micromolar (μM) Cr(OOCCH₃)₃ solution in CDCl₃) and found to be: 48.7%amine oxide of dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate, 18.8% IBMA, 20.8% MMA,6.8% longer chain methacrylate (mixture of lauryl and stearyl), 0.9%dimethylaminoethanol, and 4.0% dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate. At a pHof 4 approximately 100% of the amine oxide groups are protonated asdetermined by titration.

Compositions were evaluated for human skin antimicrobial activity onhuman volunteers as described in the test protocol using the 3 wipepaint application technique. Compositions were also evaluated forsubstantivity and tack as outlined in the test protocols. The resultsare shown in Table 10a and 10b.

TABLE 10a Compositions and Results of the Antimicrobial Activity,Substantivity, and Tack for Examples 67-69 Component (Amount ExampleNumber in wt-%) 67 67P 68 68P 69 69P 15/35/50 2-EHA/ 0.00 0.00 3.50 3.502.00 2.00 DMAEAMC/MMA 5/10/40/45 LMA/BA/ 3.50 3.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00DMAEAMC/MMA DIAFORMER Z-731 0.00 0.00 2.50 2.50 2.00 2.00 PVP-I 7.500.00 7.50 0.00 7.50 0.00 PVP 30K 0.00 7.50 0.00 7.50 0.00 7.5 LacticAcid 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Malic Acid 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.002.00 NIKKOL TL10 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.25 1.25 BRIJ 700 1.50 1.50 1.501.50 1.00 1.00 Water 79.00 79.00 76.50 76.50 79.25 79.25 pH 3-4 3-4 3-43-4 3-4 3-4 Microbial kill 2.0 0.9 1.6 0.9 1.3 1.1 (log reduction)BETADINE kill 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 (log reduction)Substantivity >60 >60 >60 Tack Very Very Very low low low

TABLE 10b Compositions and Results of the Antimicrobial Activity,Substantivity, and Tack for Examples 70-74 Component (Amount ExampleNumber in wt-%) 70 70P 71 71P 72 73 74 15/35/50 0.00 0.00 3.50 3.50 3.500.00 3.50 2-EHA/ DMAEAMC/ MMA 5/10/40/45 2.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 0.000.00 LMA/BA/ DMAEAMC/ MMA DIAFORMER 1.50 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00Z-731 PVP-I 7.50 0.00 7.50 0.00 7.50 7.50 7.50 PVP 30K 0.00 7.50 0.007.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lactic Acid 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 MalicAcid 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 NIKKOL TL10 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.501.50 1.50 1.00 BRIJ 700 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.50 Water 79.579.5 79.50 79.50 77.00 78.15 79.50 pH 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-5Microbial kill 1.7 0.6 (log reduction) BETADINE kill 2.3 2.3 (logreduction) Substantivity >60 >60 >60 >60 >60 Tack Very Very Very VeryVery low low low low low

The substantivity and tack results of all compositions were excellent.Despite the good substantivity the samples could be easily removed bywiping with a wet paper towel. The microbial kill of Examples 67-70shows that the iodine containing formulations have good kill (logreduction greater than >1.5) in a panel of 8 participants where theaverage baseline was only 2.5-3.5) indicating that the high buffer levelis promoting rapid antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the highantimicrobial activity of these examples also demonstrates that thenonionic polyethoxylated alcohol and polyethoxylate sorbitan estersurfactants are compatible with the active ingredient povidone iodine.The placebo formulations (67P-70P) had relatively low microbial killindicating that the iodine is the primary active ingredient. Theviscosity of all of these examples were very low. The viscosity offormulations in Examples 67 and 73 were measured in accordance with theviscosity test and found to be 7.4 and 10 cps, respectively. Visuallythe viscosity values of the other examples were comparable. The lowviscosity dramatically simplifies easy delivery of the prep over skinusing a typical sponge type applicator. The compositions of Examples67-74 could be painted easily and uniformly on human skin due to the lowviscosity. The dried films formed on skin were flexible, durable, anddid not crack.

Examples 75-77

Examples 75-77 illustrate the effect of the surfactant system on thestability of compositions comprising high levels of organic acid buffer.The quaternary ammonium side-chain functional polymer used in theseexamples was made according to the procedure of Preparation Polymer Aand the General Composition Preparation using the components listed inTable 11. All component quantities are shown on a solids basis.

TABLE 11 Compositions and Stability of Examples 75-77 Component ExampleNumber (Amount in wt-%) 75 76 77 Citric acid 5.0 5.0 5.0 Water 66.9 71.971.9 Lactic Acid 5.0 5.0 5.0 Ethanol 5.0 5.0 5.0 NIKKOL TL10 (HLB =16.7) 5.0 0.0 0.0 BRIJ 58 (HLB = 15.7) 0.6 0.0 0.0 BRIJ 76 (HLB = 12.4)0.0 0.6 0.0 BRIJ 700 (HLB = 18.8) 0.0 0.0 0.6 75/20/52-EHA/DMAEMA•Cl/AM90G 5.0 5.0 5.0 Povidone-Iodine USP 7.5 7.5 7.5Surfactant system HLB 16.6 12.4 18.8 Stability stable unstable unstable/floating precipitate

The composition of Example 75 was only stable in the presence of thepolysorbate 20 (NIKKOL TL10) at an intermediate HLB value. The high HLBsingle surfactant system of Example 77 and the low HLB single surfactantsystem of Example 76 both resulted in unstable compositions.

Examples 78-86

Examples 78-86 further illustrate the importance of HLB to ensurestability of the compositions comprising high organic acid buffer leveland a substantive polymer. The polymer was an amine group functionalside-chain polymer. The polymer used in these examples was madeaccording to the procedure of Preparation Polymer A and the GeneralComposition Preparation using the components listed in Table 12a and12b. Compositions were evaluated for stability as described for Examples22-43, as well as tack and incise drape adhesion as outlined in the testprotocols. The results are shown in Table 12a and 12b. All componentquantities are shown on a solids basis. The HLB refers to that of thesurfactant system.

TABLE 12a Compositions and Results of the Stability, Tack, and InciseDrape Adhesion for Examples 78-82 Component Example Number (Amount inweight percent) 78 79 80 81 82 Citric acid 3.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 2.0 LacticAcid 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 Malic Acid 1.0 4.0 1.0 4.0 4.0 NIKKOL TL10 2.02.2 2.0 1.0 1.0 BRIJ 700 1.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 PLURONIC F68 0.0 1.0 0.00.0 0.0 POLYSTEP B22 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 75/20/5 of 2-EHA/DMAEAMC/ 3.53.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 AM-90G Povidone-Iodine USP 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 Ethanol3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 Water 74.0 74.9 73.0 75.0 74.0 Stabilitytransparent/stable; cloudy/mocha color; little precipitation cloudy atroom temp/stable color turned a little precipitate after a over night atroom at 60° C. with a muddy brown in 1 week few days temp/stable at 60°C. color Tack no tack Incise Drape Adhesion Test good adhesion adhesionbetter than Example 78 Surfactant System HLB 17.27 20.41 17.65 18.03 NA

TABLE 12b Compositions and Results of the Stability Test for Examples83-86 Component (Amount in Example Number weight percent) 83 84 85 86Lactic Acid 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Malic Acid 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 NIKKOL TL10 1.01.0 1.0 1.0 PLURONIC F127 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 PLURAFAC A-39 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0PRILL SURFONIC N-150 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 PLURONIC P 65 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.075/20/5 of 2-EHA/ 3.5 3.5 3.5 0.0 DMAEAMC/ AM-90G Povidone-Iodine 7.57.5 7.5 7.5 USP Ethanol 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Water 76.0 75.0 75.0 78.5Stability dark and dark and cloudy cloudy transparent/ transparent/ butstable but stable stable stable solution solution Surfactant System15.75 16.75 12.25 13.25 HLB

The examples show that compositions with a surfactant system HLB of12.25-18 were stable. However, it is believed that the most stablecompositions are those that result in transparent solutions such asthose of examples 78, 83, and 84 which have a surfactant system HLB of15.75-17.27.

Examples 87-91

Examples 87-91 illustrate the use of a high Tg polymer dissolved in thecomposition to reduce the tack. The high Tg polyvinyl alcohols (PVAs)added to the compositions were first dissolved as a concentrate in waterat 10% by weight by adding the PVA to water and heating in a sealedvessel to 90° C. with occasional agitation until dissolved. The percenthydrolysis and viscosity as reported by Air Products Bulletin for a 4%aqueous solution at 20° C. are shown in Table 13a for the CELVOLpolyvinyl alcohols from Celanese Ltd., Dallas, Tex.

TABLE 13a Percent Hydrolysis and Viscosity for CELVOL Polyvinyl AlcoholsViscosity¹ Polyvinyl Alcohol Percent Hydrolysis (cps) CELVOL 321 98-98.816.5-20.5 CELVOL 103 98-98.8 3.5-4.5 CELVOL 305 98-98.8 4.5-5.5 CELVOL502 88   3-3.7 CELVOL 523 88 23-27 ¹As reported by Air Products Bulletinfor a 4% aqueous solution at 20° C.

The examples were made according to the General Composition Preparationusing the components listed in Table 13b. Compositions were evaluatedfor stability as described for Examples 22-43, as well as,substantivity, tack and incise drape adhesion as outlined in the testprotocols. The results are shown in Table 13b. All component quantitiesare shown on a solids basis.

TABLE 13b Compositions and Results of Stability, Substantivity, Tack,and Incise Drape Adhesion for Examples 87-91 Component (Amount inExample Number weight percent) 87 88 89 90 91 CELVOL 321 (PVA) 1.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 CELVOL 103 (PVA) 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CELVOL 305(PVA) 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 CELVOL 502 (PVA) 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00CELVOL 523 (PVA) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 Water 79.50 79.50 79.50 79.5079.64 Lactic Acid 4.48 4.48 4.48 4.48 4.49 Malic Acid 2.50 2.50 2.502.50 2.50 NIKKOL TL10 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 BRIJ 700 1.02 1.02 1.021.02 0.87 75/20/5 of 2-EHA/DMAEAMC/AM- 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 90GPovidone-Iodine USP 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 Stability at 23° C. GoodVery Poor Very Poor good good Substantivity Very Very Good good goodTack Low Very Low Very Low low low Incise Drape Adhesion Good GoodSurfactant System HLB 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.6

The substantivity of Examples 87 and 88 containing PVA with a very highdegree of hydrolysis was very good. Note that the PVA components ofthese formulations are not cold water soluble due to the high degree ofhydrolysis. Despite the good substantivity the samples could be easilyremoved by wiping with a wet paper towel.

Example 88 appeared to have the best adhesion of a PSA-coated product(incise drape) as tested by the qualitative test described above. It isnot clear why the CELVOL 305 and 523 compositions were not stable inExamples 89 and 91.

Examples 92-97

Examples 92-97 illustrate the use of high levels of an organic acidbuffer in combination with an amine oxide side-chain functionalsubstantive film-forming polymer. The polymer used in Examples 92-94 wasa commercially available poly(amine oxide acrylate) available asDIAFORMER Z-731 (Clariant Corp.). The polymer used in Examples 95-97 wasprepared as outlined above for Preparation of Polymer C (LMA). Thepolymer included SMA (10%)/IBMA (25%)/DMAEMA (55%)/MMA (10%). Themonomers were polymerized at a temperature of 65° C. using 0.3% byweight VAZO 67. The DMAEMA was oxided to the amine oxide using a molarratio of DMAEMA to hydrogen peroxide used was 0.9. Residual monomer wasscavenged with vitamin C in place of SFS. After distillation theresidual level of hydrogen peroxide was measured and found to be lessthan 100 ppm. The polymer had an inherent viscosity of 0.7. Thecompositions were prepared according to the General CompositionPreparation using the components listed in Table 14.

Compositions were evaluated for human skin antimicrobial activity onhuman volunteers as described in the test protocol using the 30 secondscrub application technique. Compositions were also evaluated forsubstantivity, drape adhesion, and tack as outlined in the testprotocols. The results are shown in Table 14.

TABLE 14 Compositions and Results of the Antimicrobial Activity,Substantivity, and Tack for Examples 92-97 Component (Amount in wt-%Example Number solids) 92 93 94 95 96 97 5/10/40/45 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.005.00 5.00 SMA/iBMA/ DMAEMA oxide/MMA DIAFORMER 5.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.000.00 Z-731 PVP-I 7.50 7.50 7.50 0.00 7.50 0.00 Lactic Acid 5.00 5.005.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Malic Acid 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 BRIJ 7001.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Mackam 50-SB 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00CRODAPHOS SG 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 STEPANMILD SL3 0.00 0.67 0.000.00 0.67 0.00 AMMONYX 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 LMDO Water 78.578.83 77.50 78.5 78.83 77.5 pH 3.5-4 3.5-4   3.5-4 3.5-4 3.5-4 3.5-4Microbial kill 1.9 2.6 2.5 (log reduction) BETADINE 1.7 1.7 1.7 kill(log reduction) Drape Adhesion Good Good Good Substantivity >60 50-6050 >60 >60 30 (sec) Tack Very Very Very Very Very Very low low low lowlow low

The results indicate that Examples 92-94 had very good antimicrobialactivity. Examples 92, 95, and 96 had exceptional substantivity. Thesubstantivity of Examples 93, 94 and 97 was far greater than that ofBETADINE SOLUTION which typically lasts less than 10 seconds. The tackof all samples was very low. The adhesion of IOBAN 2 Incise drape (DrapeAdhesion) was good for Examples 92-94 and judged to be equivalent tothat over dry BETADINE Solution. All samples were transparent and dark(stable) at room temperature.

The complete disclosures of the patents, patent documents, andpublications cited herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety as if each were individually incorporated. Variousmodifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent tothose skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit ofthis invention. It should be understood that this invention is notintended to be unduly limited by the illustrative embodiments andexamples set forth herein and that such examples and embodiments arepresented by way of example only with the scope of the inventionintended to be limited only by the claims set forth herein as follows.

1. An antiseptic composition for use in disinfecting tissue, wherein theantiseptic composition comprises: an antimicrobial agent selected fromthe group consisting of iodine, an iodophor, and a combination thereof,wherein the antimicrobial agent is present in an amount sufficient toprovide an available iodine concentration of at least 0.25 wt-%; ahydroxycarboxylic acid buffer in a molar concentration of at least 0.3molar; and water.
 2. The antiseptic composition for use according toclaim 1, wherein the antiseptic composition further includes one or morenonionic, anionic, or amphoteric surfactants.
 3. The antisepticcomposition for use according to claim 2, wherein the surfactant is ananionic or amphoteric surfactant.
 4. The antiseptic composition for useaccording to claim 3, wherein the anionic or amphoteric surfactant isselected from the group consisting of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates,phosphonates, and ammonium sulfonate amphoterics, and mixtures thereof.5. The antiseptic composition for use according to claim 4, wherein thehydroxycarboxylic acid buffer is present in a molar concentration of atleast 0.45 molar.
 6. The antiseptic composition for use according toclaim 1, wherein the antiseptic composition further includes afilm-forming polymer.
 7. The antiseptic composition for use according toclaim 6, wherein the film-forming polymer is cationic.
 8. The antisepticcomposition for use according to claim 1 wherein the iodophor ispovidone-iodine.
 9. The antiseptic composition for use according toclaim 1 wherein the tissue is skin or mucosal tissue.
 10. The antisepticcomposition for use according to claim 9, wherein the mucosal tissue isnasal or vaginal tissue.
 11. The antiseptic composition for useaccording to claim 10, wherein the mucosal tissue is nasal tissue. 12.The antiseptic composition for use according to claim 1, wherein theantiseptic composition is to be directly applied to the tissue and is toremain on the tissue.
 13. The antiseptic composition for use accordingto claim 12, wherein the antiseptic composition is to be applied priorto surgery, catheterization, or needle puncture.
 14. Use of ahydroxycarboxylic acid buffer for the preparation of an antisepticcomposition for disinfecting tissue, wherein the antiseptic compositionis as defined in claim
 1. 15. The use according to claim 14, wherein thetissue is skin or mucosal tissue.
 16. The use according to claim 15,wherein the mucosal tissue is nasal or vaginal tissue.
 17. The useaccording to claim 16, wherein the mucosal tissue is nasal tissue. 18.The use according to claim 14, wherein the antiseptic composition is tobe directly applied to the tissue and is to remain on the tissue. 19.The use according to claim 14, wherein the antiseptic composition is tobe applied prior to surgery, catheterization, or needle puncture.